History of Fast-reactor Fuel Development
History of Fast-reactor Fuel Development
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/0022-3115(93)90193-3
复制
发表时间：
1993-09
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
J. Kittel;B. Frost;J. Mustelier;K. Q. Bagley;G. C. Crittenden;J. V. Dievoet
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Kittel;B. Frost;J. Mustelier;K. Q. Bagley;G. C. Crittenden;J. V. Dievoet
第一个快中子增殖反应堆建于 1945 年至 1960 年期间，使用由铀、钚或其合金组成的金属燃料。之所以选择它们，是因为现有的大多数反应堆运行经验都是在金属燃料上获得的，并且它们提供了最高的增殖比。在高燃料燃耗条件下，金属燃料元件难以获得足够的尺寸稳定性，导致 20 世纪 60 年代几乎全世界都选择陶瓷燃料。尽管陶瓷燃料的育种性能较低，但这一目标已不再是大多数国家计划中的重要考虑因素。混合铀和二氧化钚成为应用最广泛的陶瓷燃料。更先进的陶瓷燃料、混合铀和钚的碳化物和氮化物仍在开发中。最近，改进设计的金属燃料元件与陶瓷燃料一起实现了 15% 至 20% 的燃耗目标。低膨胀燃料包壳合金也不断得到开发，以解决在快中子辐照下不锈钢中形成空洞的意外问题，这种现象在 20 世纪 60 年代首次观察到。
The first fast breeder reactors, constructed in the 1945–1960 time period, used metallic fuels composed of uranium, plutonium, or their alloys. They were chosen because most existing reactor operating experience had been obtained on metallic fuels and because they provided the highest breeding ratios. Difficulties in obtaining adequate dimensional stability in metallic fuel elements under conditions of high fuel burnup led in the 1960s to the virtual worldwide choice of ceramic fuels. Although ceramic fuels provide lower breeding performance, this objective is no longer an important consideration in most national programs. Mixed uranium and plutonium dioxide became the ceramic fuel that has received the widest use. The more advanced ceramic fuels, mixed uranium and plutonium carbides and nitrides, continue under development. More recently, metal fuel elements of improved design have joined ceramic fuels in achieving goal burnups of 15 to 20 percent. Low-swelling fuel cladding alloys have also been continuously developed to deal with the unexpected problem of void formation in stainless steels subjected to fast neutron irradiation, a phenomenon first observed in the 1960s.