Parental Care Patterns of Fishes
Parental Care Patterns of Fishes
复制标题
鱼类的亲代照顾模式
DOI：
10.1086/283789
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发表时间：
1981
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
M. Keenleyside
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Keenleyside
在Perrone和Zaret（1979）最近发表的关于鱼类亲代抚育的论文中，他们做了一些没有充分证据支持的概括。鉴于自Trivers（1972）的重要论文以来亲代投资理论的迅速发展，以及最近对鱼类亲代行为的兴趣（例如，Ridley 1978; Blumer 1979; Keenleyside 1979），我认为指出这些不准确性影响Perrone和Zaret提出的论文的一般性的一些方式是有用的。下面括号中的页码是指论文中的页数。1. “在有领地的物种中，通常没有关于父权的不确定性”（第352页）。有一种观点认为，雄性亲代投资（PI）只应该发生在由雄性保护的领地内通过外部受精繁殖的鱼类中，因为居民可以排除竞争对手，从而确保在其领地内释放的所有卵子受精。在强调父权的确定性对父亲照顾后代的进化的重要性时，作者忽略了“受精窃取”现象。在一些物种中，在雄性保护的领地产卵后，父权的确定性可能较低，因为经常有其他雄性入侵，试图在产卵时窃取受精。最充分的文献证据来自中央骨类（Childers and Bennett 1961; Gerald 1970; Keenleyside 1972; Gross 1979）和胃骨类（Morris 1952; van den Assem 1967; Wootton 1976; Rowland 1979）。要检验这种现象对持续的雄性PI的重要性，一个很好的方法是测量后者与成功窃取受精的次数的关系。频率越高，“戴绿帽子”的雄性越有可能抛弃自己的后代。我们自己用长尾翻车鱼来测试这一点的努力（试图窃取受精是很常见的，Keenleyside 1972），到目前为止还没有成功，因为很难确定一个巢穴中负责使卵子受精的精子的来源。2. “很少有鱼把食物带给它们的鱼苗”（第352页）。与鸟类和哺乳动物相比，鱼类很少主动为后代提供食物。“这种概括的唯一例外……据说，这种情况发生在一些慈鲷科的种类中，它们的鱼苗通过吃父母身上的粘液来获取营养。然而，这忽略了另外两种由一些育苗的慈鲷使用的供应技术。在黑筋膜睫状体中，亲本中的一方，通常是雌性，经常在柔软的基质中进行“挖鳍”。她沉到水底，大力摆动身体，向前拍打胸鳍，从而搅动松散的物质（Williams 1972； Krischik和Weber 1975）。鱼苗迅速靠近她，以悬浮的颗粒为食。由于父母通常不以移动的颗粒为食，很明显，成年鸟的搅动运动使孩子们更容易获得食物。慈鲷
In their recent paper on parental care in fishes Perrone and Zaret (1979) made a number of generalizations that are not fully supported by available evidence. Given the rapid development of parental investment theory since the important paper by Trivers (1972), and the recent interest in fish parental behavior in particular (e.g., Ridley 1978; Blumer 1979; Keenleyside 1979), I believe it is useful to point out some ways in which these inaccuracies influence the generality of the thesis presented by Perrone and Zaret. The page numbers in parentheses below refer to pages in their paper. 1. "There is usually no uncertainty surrounding paternity in territorial species" (p. 352). The argument is made that male parental investment (PI) should occur only in fishes that breed by external fertilization within a territory guarded by the male, because the resident can exclude rival males and thus be assured of fertilizing all the ova released in his territory. In stressing the importance of the certainty of paternity for the evolution of paternal care of young, the authors have ignored the phenomenon of "fertilization stealing." In some species that have intensive paternal care following spawning in a male-guarded territory, certainty of paternity may be low for some territorial males because of frequent intrusions by other males attempting to steal fertilizations at the moment of oviposition. The best documented evidence comes from centrarchids (Childers and Bennett 1961; Gerald 1970; Keenleyside 1972; Gross 1979) and gasterosteids (Morris 1952; van den Assem 1967; Wootton 1976; Rowland 1979). A good test of the importance of this phenomenon for continued male PI would be to measure the latter in relation to frequency of successful attempts to steal fertilizations. The higher the frequency the more ready the "cuckolded" territorial male should be to desert his brood. Our own efforts to test this point with longear sunfish (where attempted fertilization stealing is common, Keenleyside 1972), have so far been unsuccessful because of the difficulty of identifying the source(s) of sperms responsible for fertilizing the eggs within a single nest. 2. "Few fishes bring food to their fry" (p. 352). In contrast to birds and mammals, the active provision of food for their offspring is rare among fishes. "The only exception to this generalization . . . " is said to occur in some species of Cichlidae, where the fry obtain nutrients by eating mucus from the bodies of their parents. However, this overlooks two other provisioning techniques that are used by some fry-brooding cichlids. In Cichlasoma nigrofasciaturm one parent, usually the female, frequently performs "fin-digging" in soft substrates. She settles to the bottom, vigorously undulates the body and beats the pectoral fins forward, thus stirring up loose materials (Williams 1972; Krischik and Weber 1975). The fry quickly approach her and feed on the suspended particles. Since the parent often does not feed on the moving particles, it seems clear that food is being made more readily available for the young by the adult's stirring movements. Cichlids of the