Leaf damage by herbivores affects attractiveness to pollinators in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum
Leaf damage by herbivores affects attractiveness to pollinators in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum
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DOI：
10.1007/s004420050251
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发表时间：
1997-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Strauss, SY
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lehtila, K;Strauss, SY
我们进行了两个实验，以确定叶损伤对植物的吸引力授粉野生萝卜。萝卜属（Raphanus rapanistrum），一种自交不亲和的一年生草本植物，来自36个全同胞家系的植株成对生长在温室的盆中。每对中的一个成员被菜粉蝶幼虫破坏，允许其去除前四个莲座叶中的每个莲座叶的一半叶面积。随后，从6月下旬开花开始到8月底，每周一次将植物取出进行授粉观察。我们进行了两个实验，以研究如何叶损伤影响传粉者的访问。在第一个实验中，访问飞机的传粉者的数量进行了比较受损和控制同胞植物。在第二个实验中，观察期间的开放花朵的数量被控制为对于受损和未受损的同胞是相同的。在6月下旬的第一次观察中，损害显着减少了花的数量和大小。在观察的第一周期间，受损的植物受到本地蜜蜂的访问较少，因为当处理之间开放的花朵的数量相等时，损坏并不影响本地蜜蜂的访问，所以花朵数量可能是吸引本地蜜蜂到植物的主要线索。在没有花数控制的实验中，另一种丰富的传粉者种类--蚜虫在未受损的植物上花的时间比在受损的植物上花的时间多。当花的数量被控制，苍蝇探测显着更多的花在每次访问的未损坏的比损坏的植物，并有较高的访问率未损坏的植物在本赛季初。由于蚜虫喜欢未受损的植物，无论是否有花数控制，他们显然使用的线索，除了花数的访问。未受损和受损植物之间的差异在开花后的几个星期内消失的花特征和传粉者访问。这一结果表明，早期损害可能不会有很强的健身效果，通过减少交配成功。然而，恶劣的天气条件会导致植物在田间过早死亡，养分消耗和竞争会减少后期开花的结果。因此。存在这样的条件，在该条件下，对早花的访问可能影响植物适合度。
We carried out two experiments to determine the effect of leaf damage on plant attractiveness to pollinators using Wild radish. Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae), a self-incompatible annual herb. Pairs of plants from 36 full-sib families were grown in pots in the greenhouse. One member of each pair was damaged by Pieris rapae larvae that were allowed to remove half of the leaf area of each of the first four rosette leaves. The plants were subsequently taken out for pollinator observations once a week from the beginning of flowering in late June until the end of August. We conducted two experiments to examine how foliar damage affected visitation by pollinators. In the first experiment, numbers of pollinators visiting planes were compared between damaged and control sibling plants. Tn the second experiment, the number of open flowers during observations was controlled to be the same for both damaged and undamaged sibs. Damage significantly decreased the number and size of flowers during the first observations in late June. Damaged plants received fewer visits by native bees during the first week of observations, Since damage did not affect native bee visits when the number of open flowers was equalized between treatments, flower number was probably the main cue attracting native bees to plants. Tn the experiment without flower number control, syrphid flies, the other abundant pollinator taxon, spent more time per flower on the undamaged than on the damaged plants. When flower number was controlled, flies probed significantly more flowers during each visit on the undamaged than on the damaged plants and had higher visitation rates to undamaged plants early in the season. Since syrphid flies preferred undamaged plants both with and without flower number control, they apparently used cues apart from flower number for visitation. The difference between undamaged and damaged plants in floral characteristics and pollinator visitation vanished within a few weeks after the start of flowering. This result suggests that early damage may not have a strong fitness effect through reduction in mating success. However, poor weather conditions can cause early mortality of plants in the field, and nutrient depletion and competition decrease fruit set of later flowers. Therefore. conditions exist under which visitation to early flowers may affect plant fitness.