Vocalizations during post-conflict affiliations from victims toward aggressors based on uncertainty in Japanese macaques.
Vocalizations during post-conflict affiliations from victims toward aggressors based on uncertainty in Japanese macaques.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0178655
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Nakamichi M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Katsu N;Yamada K;Nakamichi M
我们调查了使用的发声称为“呼噜声”，“girneys”，“咕咕声”伴随着冲突后的亲和互动前对手（和解）在日本猕猴（猕猴）。虽然和解的作用是修复关系，但这种互动有时会带来遭受进一步侵犯的风险。发声可以使用在距离前对手，因此，我们预测，发声特别是由冲突的受害者，并经常使用在不确定的情况下，当他们很难估计是否前对手将恢复侵略。此外，我们预测，发声是有效地防止进一步的侵略。为了验证这些假设，我们进行了观察后的冲突和匹配控制的情况下，在女性日本猕猴生活在一个自由放养组。我们发现，以前的对手倾向于在冲突后的第一分钟内相互吸引，从而表现出和解行为。发声更频繁地使用的受害者在冲突后的互动比控制情况下，然而，这种趋势是没有发现在侵略者。当与前对手的联系发生时，受害者更有可能使用发声对不太熟悉的对手。这些发现表明，日本猕猴在与不可预测的前对手互动时更经常使用发声。受害者在与前侵略者有联系时比没有这种联系时更有可能受到侵略。没有显着差异，发现在概率的受害者接受侵略，无论他们是否使用发声，因此，是否受益于使用发声在这些情况下，受害者仍然不清楚。日本猕猴形成专制社会，因此，在某种程度上，冲突后进一步的侵略是不可避免的。受害者使用发声被认为取决于他们与侵略者的关系的性质，然而，这种行为的有效性需要进一步调查。
We investigated the use of vocalizations called “grunts,” “girneys,” and “coos” accompanied by post-conflict affiliative interaction between former opponents (reconciliation) in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Although reconciliation functions to repair bonds, such interactions sometimes entail risks of receiving further aggression. Vocalizations can be used at a distance from the former opponent; thus, we predict that vocalizations are used particularly by victims of a conflict, and are frequently used in situations of uncertainty when it is difficult for them to estimate whether the former opponent will resume aggression. In addition, we predict that vocalizations are effective in preventing further aggression. To test these hypotheses, we conducted observations of post-conflict and matched-control situations in female Japanese macaques living in a free-ranging group. We found that former opponents tended to be attracted to each other within the first minute following a conflict, thus demonstrating reconciliation behavior. Vocalizations were more frequently used by the victims in post-conflict interactions than under control situations; however, this tendency was not found in aggressors. When affiliation with the former opponent occurred, victims were more likely to use vocalizations towards less familiar opponents. These findings suggest that Japanese macaques used vocalizations more often when interacting with less predictable former opponents. Victims were more likely to receive aggression from former aggressors when engaged in affiliations with them than under no such affiliations. No significant differences were found in the probability of the victims receiving aggression, regardless of whether they used vocalizations; thus, whether the victim benefits from using vocalizations in these contexts remains unclear. Japanese macaques form despotic societies and therefore, further aggression was inevitable, to some degree, after a conflict. The use of vocalizations by a victim was found to depend on the nature of their relationship with the aggressor; however, the effectiveness of this behavior requires further investigation.