Pea aphid winged and wingless males exhibit reproductive, gene expression, and lipid metabolism differences.
Pea aphid winged and wingless males exhibit reproductive, gene expression, and lipid metabolism differences.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cris.2022.100039
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发表时间：
2022
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有翼雄性在交配比赛中胜过无翅雄性，但发育较慢，睾丸比无翼雄性小。基因表达差异提示激活素和胰岛素信号在翅膀形态差异中的作用。不同翼型的类脂水平不同，而类脂生物合成酶通常不同。另类的种内表型提供了一个机会来确定与不同的生活史策略相关的差异的机制基础。翼二形昆虫是指同时具有飞行能力和不能飞行能力的个体同时出现在同一种群中，关于这种昆虫为什么以及如何在飞行和繁殖之间进行权衡，人们特别深入地研究了这种昆虫。然而，尽管有大量研究考察了女性形态之间的差异，但人们对男性的差异知之甚少，这种差异可能是由不同的原因引起的，而不是作用于女性的原因。在这里，我们研究了有翅和无翅的豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon Pisum)雄性之间的生殖、基因表达和生化差异。我们发现，有翼雄性在一对一交配环境中的竞争优势更大，但无翼雄性达到生殖成熟的速度更快，睾丸更大。我们建议雄性在增加本地交配和近亲交配的同时进行近亲繁殖和提高寻找配偶的能力之间进行权衡。在机制水平上，不同形态之间的差异基因表达揭示了激活素和胰岛素信号在形态差异中的可能作用；它也突显了以前没有被发现在翅膀多态中具有重要功能的基因，例如可能参与精子产生的基因。此外，我们发现有翼雄性具有更高的脂质水平，这与它们作为飞行燃料的使用一致，但我们没有发现与脂质生物合成相关的五种酶之间不同水平的活性模式。总体而言，我们的分析提供了证据，表明有翼和无翅雄性在生殖、基因表达和生化水平上表现出差异，扩大了该领域对形态差异的功能方面的理解。
Winged males outcompete wingless males in mating competitions, but develop more slowly and have smaller testes than wingless males. Gene expression differences suggest the roles of activin and insulin signaling in wing morph differences. Lipid levels differ between wing morphs, while lipid biosynthetic enzymes generally do not. Alternative, intraspecific phenotypes offer an opportunity to identify the mechanistic basis of differences associated with distinctive life history strategies. Wing dimorphic insects, in which both flight-capable and flight-incapable individuals occur in the same population, are particularly well-studied in terms of why and how the morphs trade off flight for reproduction. Yet despite a wealth of studies examining the differences between female morphs, little is known about male differences, which could arise from different causes than those acting on females. Here we examined reproductive, gene expression, and biochemical differences between pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) winged and wingless males. We find that winged males are competitively superior in one-on-one mating circumstances, but wingless males reach reproductive maturity faster and have larger testes. We suggest that males tradeoff increased local matings with concurrent possible inbreeding for outbreeding and increased ability to find mates. At the mechanistic level, differential gene expression between the morphs revealed a possible role for activin and insulin signaling in morph differences; it also highlighted genes not previously identified as being functionally important in wing polymorphism, such as genes likely involved in sperm production. Further, we find that winged males have higher lipid levels, consistent with their use as flight fuel, but we find no consistent patterns of different levels of activity among five enzymes associated with lipid biosynthesis. Overall, our analyses provide evidence that winged versus wingless males exhibit differences at the reproductive, gene expression, and biochemical levels, expanding the field's understanding of the functional aspects of morph differences.