Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
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DOI：
10.1007/s10584-022-03474-0
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发表时间：
2023-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
P. Martin;T. Brown;T. George;B. Gunnarson;N. Loader;Paul Ross;J. Wishart;R. Wilson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Martin;T. Brown;T. George;B. Gunnarson;N. Loader;Paul Ross;J. Wishart;R. Wilson
对于苏格兰群岛、法罗斯群岛和冰岛等地的古代大麦，我们计算了谷物生产的最低温度要求(谷物生产阈值，GPT)，作为整个作物季节的累积度数。通过将这些阈值与利用温度和树木年轮数据重建的年作物季节度日(CSDD)进行比较，研究了公元1200~2000年大麦的立地适宜性。在冰岛，在公元1200年至1500年之间，重建的CSDD在西南部(雷克雅未克)更有利，低于GPT的年份比北部、东部和西部少，但有两个时期(1340-1389年和1426-1475年)平均CSDD较低，GPT低了几年，这可能影响了大约这个时期大麦种植的放弃。重建的法罗群岛(Tórshavn)的CSDD只有一年低于GPT，但连续四年或更长时间的15个CSDD较低，这将对大麦种植构成挑战，特别是在13世纪。重建的CSDD是苏格兰群岛的最高水平，允许大麦在耕作系统和经济中发挥更突出的作用。然而，收成不佳或饥荒的年份很常见，大约一半与低CSDD有关，这导致了显著的温度联系，但也表明了其他因素的重要贡献。尽管法罗群岛和苏格兰群岛经常出现不利的年份，但具有弹性的生产系统、适应良好的大麦品种和社会经济因素使大麦种植得以继续，一些古老的大麦类型得以幸存至今。
For ancient types of barley at sites in the Scottish Isles, Faroes, and Iceland, we calculated minimum temperature requirements for grain production (grain production threshold, GPT) as accumulated degree days over the cropping season. Site suitability for barley from AD 1200 to 2000 was investigated by comparing these thresholds with reconstructions of annual cropping season degree days (CSDD) using temperature and tree-ring data. In Iceland, between AD 1200 and 1500, reconstructed CSDD were more favorable in the southwest (Reykjavik), with fewer years below the GPT, than in the North, East and West, but there were two periods (1340–1389 and 1426–1475) with low average CSDD and several years below the GPT which possibly influenced the abandonment of barley cultivation around this time. Reconstructed CSDD for the Faroes (Tórshavn) had only one year below the GPT, but 15 periods of four or more consecutive years with low CSDD which would have challenged barley cultivation, especially in the thirteenth century. Reconstructed CSDD were highest for the Scottish Isles, allowing a more prominent role of barley in the farming system and economy. Nevertheless, years with poor harvests or famines were common and about half were associated with low CSDD, resulting in a significant temperature link but also demonstrating the important contribution of other factors. Despite frequent unfavorable years in both the Faroes and Scottish Isles, resilient production systems, well-adapted barley strains and socio-economic factors allowed barley cultivation to continue, and some ancient types to survive to the present day.