Crop Vulnerability: Carya
Crop Vulnerability: Carya
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DOI：
10.21273/hortsci.51.6.653
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发表时间：
2016-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Harris, Marvin K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grauke, L. J.;Wood, Bruce W.;Harris, Marvin K.
长期存在的本地树木种群反映了当地的适应性。将表型表达信息与时空起源信息联系起来，在可获取的非原生境集合中展示不同群体，是保存和探索遗传多样性的最有效手段，是育种和作物改良的基础。在整个北美，具有相同倍性水平的同域山核桃物种倾向于杂交，从而允许有助于区域多样性和适应的基因流动。许多支离破碎的山核桃种群，其中一些很小，由于地形隔离，使美国、墨西哥和亚洲的山核桃本土种群处于脆弱地位，因此有必要进行系统的收集和描述。土著墨西哥山核桃和其他山核桃种群的特征将有助于砧木和接穗育种的利用，并将有助于山核桃栽培。亚洲种，作为一个群体，不仅在地理上与北美种隔绝，而且出现在与其他亚洲种隔绝的脱节的、破碎的种群中。Sinocarya组包括最易受遗传损失的属成员。对所有物种来说，认识到基于迁地收集物特征的效用可能有助于建立原地保护区。全球山核桃遗传资源应共同收集、维护、鉴定和开发。将作物野生近缘整合到鉴定和育种工作中，为国内和国际合作提供了一个具有挑战性的机会。在国家山核桃和山核桃遗传资源收集（NCGR-Carya）中使用的基因组工具为阐明与地理分布相关的遗传适应提供了巨大的潜力。将遗传学、植物学、病理学、昆虫学、生态学和园艺学等学科纳入国际合作努力将取得最大进展。由于保护主义政策和合理的植物检疫问题的结合，国际种质交换正变得越来越复杂。本地种质资源的国际合作评价为防止与某些种质分布形式相关的意外病原体交换提供了宝贵的保障，同时实现了有益的共同探索和有针对性的交流。这受到了对知识产权的“专有”关注的威胁。山核桃产业生产性发展面临的最大风险很可能是通过过去的实践来短视地关注山核桃生产。美国西部山核桃栽培的最大限制是水量和水质的减少；在美国东部，挑战是疾病易感性；以及美国北部的抗寒能力不足。通过改进砧木和接穗来减少树的大小，这将提高坚果产量和树木管理，对整个产业产生最大的效益，影响到栽培的所有领域。这一成就可能需要在育种中纳入作物野生近缘，在导致选择的测试中广泛合作，以及开发将表型表达与基因组特征联系起来的改进方法。开发一个数据库以适当地容纳各种研究界可以得到的信息，将促进合作研究。要获得开发这些工具所需的资金，就需要山核桃工业的支持。在美国，山核桃工业在区域上是分散的，而且侧重于销售，而不是作物开发。
Long-established native tree populations reflect local adaptations. Representation of diverse populations in accessible ex situ collections that link information on phenotypic expression to information on spatial and temporal origination is the most efficient means of preserving and exploring genetic diversity, which is the foundation of breeding and crop improvement. Throughout North America, sympatric Carya species sharing the same ploidy level tend to hybridize, permitting gene flow that contributes to regional diversity and adaptation. The topographic isolation of many fragmented populations, some of which are small, places native Carya populations of United States, Mexico, and Asia in a vulnerable position and justifies systematic collection and characterization. The characterization of indigenous Mexican pecan and other Carya populations will facilitate use for rootstocks and scion breeding and will contribute to pecan culture. The Asian species, as a group, are not only geographically isolated from North American species, but also occur in disjunct, fragmented populations isolated from other Asian species. Section Sinocarya includes the members of the genus most vulnerable to genetic loss. With all species, recognition of utility based on characterization of ex situ collections may contribute to the establishment of in situ reserves. Global Carya genetic resources should be cooperatively collected, maintained, characterized, and developed. The integration of crop wild relatives into characterization and breeding efforts represents a challenging opportunity for both domestic and international cooperation. Genomic tools used on the accessible collections of the National Collection of Genetic Resources for Pecans and Hickories (NCGR-Carya) offer great potential to elucidate genetic adaptation in relation to geographic distribution. The greatest progress will be made by integrating the disciplines of genetics, botany, pathology, entomology, ecology, and horticulture into internationally cooperative efforts. International germplasm exchange is becoming increasingly complicated by a combination of protectionist policies and legitimate phytosanitary concerns. Cooperative international evaluation of in situ autochthonous germplasm provides a valuable safeguard to unintended pathogen exchange associated with certain forms of germplasm distribution, while enabling beneficial communal exploration and directed exchange. This is threatened by the "proprietary" focus on intellectual property. The greatest risk to the productive development of the pecan industry might well be a myopic focus on pecan production through the lens of past practice. The greatest limitation to pecan culture in the western United States is reduced water quantity and quality; in the eastern United States the challenge is disease susceptibility; and insufficient cold hardiness in the northern United States. The greatest benefit for the entire industry might be achieved by tree size reduction through both improved rootstocks and scions, which will improve both nut production and tree management, impacting all areas of culture. This achievement will likely necessitate incorporation of crop wild relatives in breeding, broad cooperation in the testing leading to selection, and development of improved methods linking phenotypic expression to genomic characterization. The development of a database to appropriately house information available to a diverse research community will facilitate cooperative research.The acquisition of funds to pursue development of those tools will require the support of the pecan industry, which in the United States, is regionally fragmented and focused on marketing rather than crop development.