Foreign nationals, enemy penology and the criminal justice system
Foreign nationals, enemy penology and the criminal justice system
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DOI：
10.1177/0306396810362868
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发表时间：
2010-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Webber, Frances
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fekete, Liz;Webber, Frances
近年来，欧洲各国政府出台了一系列措施，旨在打击刑事司法系统中的外国公民。这些措施包括在服刑满一定时间后自动驱逐出境的政策、更严厉的判决、监狱隔离以及对获得公民身份和永久居留权的限制。本文认为，这些措施构成了一个针对外国国民的单独刑事司法制度，该制度的建立是由极端右翼政党针对穆斯林、寻求庇护者和罗姆人的‘惩罚性民粹主义’和种族主义运动推动的。许多被认定为外国罪犯的人只是犯了专门为将无证移民定为刑事犯罪而设立的新罪行；其他许多人是年轻的难民，他们从未得到帮助来处理他们在原籍国经历的创伤。从历史上看，欧洲人权法院对外国公民在定罪后被驱逐出境设定了很高的门槛，特别是对年轻人而言。但欧洲各国政府绕过了这一点，即使是在“虚拟国民”的情况下，也是指那些在欧洲国家出生和长大，但由于一些欧盟国家的血统国籍法，持有非欧盟护照的人。此外，有人试图限制欧盟公民，如罗马尼亚罗姆人的行动自由权利，理由是这些权利对公共秩序构成严重威胁。
In recent years, European governments have introduced a series of measures aimed at clamping down on foreign nationals within criminal justice systems. Such measures have included policies of automatic deportation on completion of prison sentences of a certain length, harsher sentencing, prison segregation, and restrictions on access to citizenship and rights to permanent settlement. This article argues that such measures constitute a separate criminal justice system for foreign nationals, the creation of which has been driven by 'penal populism' and racist campaigns by extreme-Right political parties, against Muslims, asylum seekers and Roma in particular. Many of those designated as foreign criminals are guilty only of new offences specifically created to criminalise undocumented migration; many others are young refugees who have never been helped to deal with the trauma they experienced in their countries of origin. Historically, the European Court of Human Rights has set a high threshold for the deportation of a foreign national following a conviction, particularly with regard to young people. But this has been bypassed by European governments, even in cases of 'virtual nationals', those born and brought up in a European country but, owing to jus sanguinis citizenship laws in some EU countries, holding a non-EU passport. Moreover, there are attempts to curtail the freedom of movement rights of EU citizens, such as Romanian Roma, on the grounds that they are a serious threat to public order.