Paternity uncertainty overrides sex chromosome selection for preferential grandparenting
Paternity uncertainty overrides sex chromosome selection for preferential grandparenting
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DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.09.002
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发表时间：
2006-05-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Starks, Philip T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chrastil, Elizabeth R.;Getz, Wayne M.;Starks, Philip T.
就常染色体基因而言，祖父母与男性和女性孙辈同等相关。然而，由于男性的性染色体是杂合的，祖父母通过性染色体与男性和女性的孙辈不对称。例如，来自祖父的Y染色体直接遗传给孙子。这种不对称导致了一种预测，即性染色体上的基因可能会导致不同的祖父母照顾。另外，父权不确定性假设的差异祖父母照顾带来了一组不同的预测。例如，祖父对儿子的孩子有两个不确定度，但对女儿的孩子只有一个不确定度。因此，在高双外亲子比例的情况下，亲子关系的不确定性预示着祖父会更喜欢女儿的孩子而不是儿子的孩子。亲子关系的不确定性vs.遗传相关性假说是通过问卷调查的数据来检验的，问卷调查要求成年孙辈对他们不同祖父母的照顾数量和质量进行评估。我们没有发现基于预期的性染色体相似性的优先照顾的支持。相反，我们的数据与祖父母照顾的父亲不确定性假设的预测大体一致。提出了一个模型来预测在一个种群中，父权不确定性的影响大于性染色体的影响所需的额外对父权的比率。(c) 2006爱思唯尔公司版权所有。
With respect to autosomal genes, a grandparent is equally related to male and female grandchildren. Because males are heterozygous for sex chromosomes, however, grandparents are asymmetrically related to male and female grandchildren via the sex chromosomes. For example, the Y chromosome from the paternal grandfather passes directly down to grandsons. This asymmetry leads to a prediction that genes on the sex chromosomes could drive differential grandparental care. Alternatively, the paternity uncertainty hypothesis for differential grandparent care brings about a different set of predictions. A grandfather, for example, has two degrees of uncertainty to his son's children but only one to his daughter's children. Thus, under high extra-pair paternity rates, paternity uncertainty predicts that a grandfather will favor his daughter's children over his son's children. A paternity uncertainty vs. a genetic relatedness hypothesis was tested using data from questionnaires asking adult grandchildren to rate the amount and quality of care of their various grandparents. We found no support for preferential care based on expected sex chromosome similarities. Instead, our data were in general accord with the predictions of the paternity uncertainty hypothesis of grandparental care. A model is presented to predict the rates of extra-pair paternity required in a population to have the effects of paternity uncertainty outweigh sex chromosome effects. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.