Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation
Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation
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DOI：
10.1080/19440040903571747
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Zentek, Juergen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Awad, Wageha A.;Ghareeb, Khaled;Zentek, Juergen
单端孢霉烯是一类主要由镰刀菌属真菌产生的真菌毒素。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）是食品和饲料中含量最丰富、最重要的一种腐镰刀菌烯类化合物，由于其在全球范围内频繁出现，且具有毒理学相关浓度，因此是一种重要的污染物。由于毒素的产生强烈依赖于环境条件，如温度和湿度，镰刀菌毒素污染不能完全避免。因此，接触这种毒素对人类和农场动物都是一种永久性的健康风险。由于谷类作物通常被DON污染，动物饮食主要由谷物组成，因此可以假设动物经常暴露于DON污染的饲料。可以采取许多策略来减少DON的毒性作用。除了最大限度地减少可能影响谷物DON污染的所有风险因素（例如收获前的所谓田间毒素）的一般必要性外，还可以应用几种收获后策略来抵消这种真菌毒素对农场动物的可能有害影响。另一种净化饲料的方法是使用吸附材料。吸附材料可在胃肠道中结合霉菌毒素，并减少吸收和全身毒性。已经表明，一些吸附剂适合于减轻特定真菌毒素的毒性作用，但其对真菌毒素的功效几乎为零。因此，需要降低动物和人类健康风险的替代策略。使用微生物添加剂是一种使用微生物的方法，所述微生物具有在霉菌毒素在胃肠道中被再吸收之前通过代谢或降解来解毒霉菌毒素的能力。据报道，DON通过瘤胃和肠道微生物菌群完全转化为脱环氧DON。真杆菌BBSH 797能够降解DON，并抵消DON对动物的毒性作用。本文综述了微生物饲料添加剂在改善DON毒性作用方面的研究进展。根据迄今为止的实验结果，微生物似乎是适合这种真菌毒素生物降解的主要活生物体。然而，这一方法的使用取决于其从实际和经济角度来看的有效性。
Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecenes in food and feed, and is a significant contaminants due to its frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations worldwide. Since toxin production depends strongly on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, Fusarium toxin contamination can not be avoided completely. Therefore, exposure to this toxin is a permanent health risk for both humans and farm animals. As cereal crops are commonly contaminated with DON and animal diets consist mainly of cereals, it can be assumed that animals are frequently exposed to DON-contaminated feeds. Many strategies can be undertaken to reduce the toxic effect of DON. In addition to the general necessity for minimizing all risk factors that might influence the contamination of cereals with DON, such as the so-called field toxins before harvest, several post-harvest strategies can be applied to counteract possible deleterious effects of this mycotoxin in farm animals. Another approach for decontamination in feedstuffs is the use of adsorbent materials. Adsorbent materials may bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract and reduce absorption and systemic toxicity. It has been shown that some adsorbents are suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of specific mycotoxins, but its efficacy against trichothecenes is practically zero. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce animal and human health risk are needed. The use of microbial additives is a method which uses microorganisms having the capability to detoxify mycotoxins by metabolism or degradation prior to their resorption in the gastrointestinal tract. DON has been reported to be completely transformed to de-epoxy-DON by ruminal and intestinal microflora. Eubacterium BBSH 797 was capable of DON degradation and counteracted the toxic effects of DON in animals. This review focuses on the efficacy of microbial feed additives in ameliorating the toxic effects of DON. According to the results of experiments to date, it appears that microorganisms are the main living organisms suitable for this mycotoxin biodegradation. However, the use of this approach depends on its effectiveness from both a practical and economic perspective.