Physical and Virtual Manipulatives: What Is “Concrete”?
Physical and Virtual Manipulatives: What Is “Concrete”?
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物理和虚拟操作：什么是“具体”？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Clements
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Sarama;D. Clements
我们讨论了对物理操作和虚拟操作的研究，以提供一个框架来理解、创建、实施和评估有效的操作--物理操作、虚拟操作以及两者的组合。我们提供了一个理论框架，并讨论了支持这一框架的经验证据，用于从幼儿到小学的数学学习和教学中使用操纵性工具。从这个重新表述中，我们重新考虑了虚拟操纵器在帮助学生学习数学方面可能扮演的角色。我们的结论是，操控只有在学习者的活动和思维方面才对学习有意义，物理操控和虚拟操控都是有用的。当在全面的、精心规划的教学环境中使用时，物理和虚拟操作都可以鼓励学生明确他们的知识，这有助于他们建立综合-具体的知识。
We discuss research on both physical manipulatives and virtual manipulatives to provide a framework for understanding, creating, implementing, and evaluating efficacious manipulatives—physical, virtual, and a combination of these two. We provide a theoretical framework and a discussion of empirical evidence supporting that framework, for the use of manipulatives in learning and teaching mathematics, from early childhood through the elementary years. From this reformulation, we re-consider the role virtual manipulatives may play in helping students learn mathematics. We conclude that manipulatives are meaningful for learning only with respect to learners’ activities and thinking and that both physical and virtual manipulatives can be useful. When used in comprehensive, well planned, instructional settings, both physical and virtual manipulatives can encourage students to make their knowledge explicit, which helps them build Integrated-Concrete knowledge.