Affective and Cognitive Mediators of the Impact of Cigarette Warning Labels
Affective and Cognitive Mediators of the Impact of Cigarette Warning Labels
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DOI：
10.1093/ntr/ntt124
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发表时间：
2014-03-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Peters, Ellen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Emery, Lydia F.;Romer, Daniel;Peters, Ellen
简介：美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）为香烟包装选择图形警告标签的研究受到了质疑，因为它不足以证明吸烟者对吸烟的看法。本研究验证了警告通过认知途径间接改变风险认知和戒烟想法的预测（警告可信度）和情感路径（担心健康），这两个都是重要的鼓励吸烟者考虑戒烟。使用全国互联网小组，吸烟者被随机分配到3种类型的警告标签中的一种：只有基本文本，图形图像有基本文本，图形图像有基本和附加文本，详细说明健康风险的原因。进行分析，以确定是否认知和情感反应介导的吸烟相关outcomes.Images影响感知风险，直接吸烟的欲望，并通过情感反应间接戒烟的感觉，详细的文本影响这些结果通过认知可信度，直接影响的证据很少。可信度也增强了吸烟者对戒烟的积极情绪，他们不太担心吸烟带来的健康风险。研究结果表明：（a）警告对吸烟者信念的许多影响是介导的，而不是直接的，（B）认知和情感反应都是重要的中介，（c）精心制作的文本可以通过认知途径帮助增加图像的效果。警告标签的设计应最大限度地提高对这些介质的影响，以影响吸烟的结果。
Introduction: Research conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to select graphic warning labels for cigarette packs has been challenged as inadequate for demonstrating effects on smokers beliefs about smoking. The present study tested the prediction that warnings alter risk perceptions and thoughts of quitting indirectly through a cognitive pathway (warning believability) and an affective pathway (worry about health), both of which are important for encouraging smokers to consider quitting.Using a national Internet panel, individuals who smoke were randomly assigned to view 1 of 3 types of warning labels: basic text only, graphic image with basic text, and graphic image with both basic and additional text elaborating on the reason for the health risk. Analyses were conducted to determine whether cognitive and affective reactions mediated effects on smoking-related outcomes.Images influenced perceived risk, immediate desire to smoke, and feelings toward quitting indirectly through affective reactions; elaborated text influenced these outcomes through cognitive believability, with little evidence of direct effects. Believability also enhanced positive feelings toward quitting among smokers who were less worried about health risks due to smoking.The findings indicate that (a) many effects of warnings on smokers beliefs are mediated rather than direct, (b) both cognitive and affective responses are important mediators, and (c) elaborated text can help to increase effects of images through a cognitive pathway. Warning labels should be designed to maximize effects on these mediators in order to influence smoking outcomes.