Nonequilibrium fluctuations in a resistor
Nonequilibrium fluctuations in a resistor
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DOI：
10.1103/physreve.71.060101
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发表时间：
2005-06-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Ciliberto, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Garnier, N;Ciliberto, S
在相关能量与热扰动相当的小系统中，波动是平均值的量级。在处于化学平衡的系统中，利用涨落-耗散定理，这些涨落的方差可以与系统中的耗散常数有关。在非平衡稳态系统中，涨落定理（FT）还描述了注入和耗散能量涨落的概率密度函数（PDF）的对称性。我们对一个电偶极子模型系统进行了实验研究，证明了FT理论在实验上是可行的和有效的。此外，我们强调，FT可以用来测量的耗散功率（P）超过bar = RI 2的系统中，通过研究PDF的对称性。
In small systems where relevant energies are comparable to thermal agitation, fluctuations are of the order of average values. In systems in thermodynamical equilibrium, the variance of these fluctuations can be related to the dissipation constant in the system, exploiting the fluctuation- dissipation theorem. In nonequilibrium steady systems, fluctuations theorems (FT) additionally describe symmetry properties of the probability density functions (PDFs) of the fluctuations of injected and dissipated energies. We experimentally probe a model system: an electrical dipole driven out of equilibrium by a small constant current I, and show that FT are experimentally accessible and valid. Furthermore, we stress that FT can be used to measure the dissipated power (P) over bar = RI2 in the system by just studying the PDFs' symmetries.