Production Sharing in East Asia: Who Does What for Whom, and Why?
Production Sharing in East Asia: Who Does What for Whom, and Why?
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东亚的生产共享：谁为谁做什么，为什么？
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4615-1625-5_5
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
A. Yeats
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Francis Ng;A. Yeats
作者分析了关于东亚国际生产共享的性质、规模和动机的经验信息。为此，它们利用了一个基本上尚未开发的区域间和区域内零部件贸易数据来源。他们的一些结论是：东亚的零部件贸易比人们通常认为的要大得多。1996年，该区域全球零部件出口总额为1 780亿美元，这些产品的进口额减少了约120亿美元，零部件目前占东亚制成品出口的五分之一。按在所有制成品中所占份额衡量，东亚零部件进口的增长速度大大快于经合组织欧洲或北美。1985- 1996年期间，东亚全球零部件进口额增长了9倍多。在东亚进口的所有电信设备中，几乎有四分之三是供进一步组装的部件。1984- 1996年，东亚的全球零部件出口增长速度超过任何其他主要产品组，当时它们的交换量每年增长15%（而所有产品的出口量为11%）。1997年，日本的出口额略有下降，但大多数东亚国家的出口额增长了百分之九至百分之十六。为什么生产共享会扩大？对传统上显示的比较优势的分析利用出口统计数据来确定一个国家在生产某种商品方面是否具有比较优势。使用零部件进口统计数据计算的这些指数可以显示一个国家在产品组装方面是否具有比较优势。通过对零部件进口的统计，作者发现：日本、新加坡和中国台湾--它们正在退出大部分组装业务--提高了零部件制造的专业化程度。劳动密集型的组装业务往往转移到低工资的东亚国家。印度尼西亚、马来西亚和泰国拥有最广泛、最成熟的零部件组装能力。但没有一个东亚国家像墨西哥那样发展其国内组装业务，墨西哥在70%的零部件集团中具有比较优势。总体而言，东亚国家正在加强其在零部件生产方面的比较优势;组装业务的结果好坏参半。
The authors analyze empirical information on the nature and magnitude of, and motivation for, international production sharing in East Asia. To do so, they use a largely untapped source of data on inter- and intra-regional trade in parts and components. Some of their findings: East Asian trade in components is considerably greater than often recognized. Regional global exports of parts and components totaled $178 billion in 1996, and imports of those products about $12 billion less. Components now constitute one-fifth of East Asian exports of manufactures. Imports of components, measured as a share of all manufactures, are growing considerably faster in East Asia than in OECD Europe or North America. The value of East Asian global imports of components rose more than ninefold over the period 1985-96. Almost three-quarters of all East Asian imports of telecommunications equipment are components for further assembly. East Asian global exports of components grew faster then any other major product group over 1984-96, when their exchange increased 15 percent a year (compared with 11 percent for all products ). Although Japanese exports declined slightly in 1997, shipments from most other East Asian countries increased 9 to 16 percent. Why did production sharing expand? Analyses of traditionally revealed comparative advantage use export statistics to determine whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of a good. The same indices, calculated using import statistics for components, can show whether a country has a comparative advantage in the assembly of a product. Using statistics on component imports, the authors find that: Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan (China)--which are exiting most assembly operations--increased their specialization in the manufacture of components. Assembly operations, which are labor-intensive, tend to migrate to low-wage East Asian countries. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand have the broadest and most mature assembly capacity for components. But no East Asian country has developed its domestic assembly operations as much as Mexico, which has a comparative advantage in 70 percent of all component groups. Collectively, East Asian countries are strengthening their comparative advantage in the production of components; the results are mixed for assembly operations.