Prior experiences and perceived efficacy influence 3-year-olds' imitation
Prior experiences and perceived efficacy influence 3-year-olds' imitation
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DOI：
10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.275
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Markman, Ellen M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Williamson, Rebecca A.;Meltzoff, Andrew N.;Markman, Ellen M.
孩子是有选择性和灵活的模仿者。他们联合收割机结合自己先前的经验和模型的因果功效来决定是否模仿和模仿什么。在实验1中，孩子们被随机分配到一个困难或一个简单的经验实现一个目标。然后，他们看到一个成年人使用新的手段来实现目标。有困难经历的孩子更有可能模仿成年人的精确手段。实验2进一步显示了选择性-儿童优先模仿因果有效与无效的行为。在实验3中，即使在一个简单的先前经验导致孩子们认为他们自己的方法是有效的之后，他们仍然对模型执行的新颖方法进行编码。当随后的操作使儿童的手段无效时，儿童回忆并模仿模型的手段。研究表明，儿童会将自己先前干预的信息和对他人的观察整合起来，以指导他们的模仿。
Children are selective and flexible imitators. They combine their own prior experiences and the perceived causal efficacy of the model to determine whether and what to imitate. In Experiment 1, children were randomly assigned to have either a difficult or an easy experience achieving a goal. They then saw an adult use novel means to achieve the goal. Children with a difficult prior experience were more likely to imitate the adult's precise means. Experiment 2 showed further selectivity-children preferentially imitated causally efficacious versus nonefficacious acts. In Experiment 3, even after an easy prior experience led children to think their own means would be effective, they still encoded the novel means performed by the model. When a subsequent manipulation rendered the children's means ineffective, children recalled and imitated the model's means. The research shows that children integrate information from their own prior interventions and their observations of others to guide their imitation.