How Do (Some) People Make a Cognitive Map? Routes, Places, and Working Memory
How Do (Some) People Make a Cognitive Map? Routes, Places, and Working Memory
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DOI：
10.1037/xlm0000200
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发表时间：
2016-05-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Newcombe, Nora S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Weisberg, Steven M.;Newcombe, Nora S.
关于认知地图的存在以及支持有效导航的认知过程的研究通常集中在个体之间的功能上。然而，导航熟练度存在明显的个体差异，这需要加以解释，并可以阐明我们对认知地图和有效导航的理解。使用涉及2条路线的虚拟环境（Virtual Silcton，桌面虚拟环境; Weisberg，Schinazi，Newcombe，Shipley，& Epstein，2014），我们根据路线内和路线间的指向精度将人们分为3组：积分者，非积分者和不精确的导航者。在研究1中，我们发现不精确的导航员具有较低的空间和言语工作记忆，这可能会限制他们建立准确的路线内表征的能力。我们还发现，集成商保持良好的记忆的建筑物分类的路线成员资格，可能支持的想法，分层表示的环境。在研究2中，我们使用啮齿动物T型迷宫的虚拟版本评估了关于位置和路线学习的偏好（Marchette，Bakker，&谢尔顿，2011）。集成商总体上发现了更多的目标，尽管他们对基于位置的策略没有总体偏好，但选择基于位置的策略的集成商发现了更多的目标。对于不精确的导航员来说，情况正好相反。在研究3中，我们增加了准确性的金钱激励，以评估动机的增加是否会导致更少的参与者被归类为不精确，但没有发现表现的分布有显着变化。这些数据对认知地图假说具有理论意义，对改善导航功能具有实际意义。一刀切的方法可能不适合任何人。
Research on the existence of cognitive maps and on the cognitive processes that support effective navigation has often focused on functioning across individuals. However, there are pronounced individual differences in navigation proficiency, which need to be explained and which can illuminate our understanding of cognitive maps and effective navigation. Using a virtual environment involving 2 routes (Virtual Silcton, a desktop virtual environment; Weisberg, Schinazi, Newcombe, Shipley, & Epstein, 2014), we divided people into 3 groups based on their within-route and between-route pointing accuracy: integrators, non-integrators, and imprecise navigators. In Study 1, we found that imprecise navigators have lower spatial and verbal working memory, which may limit their ability to build accurate within-route representations. We also found that integrators maintain excellent memories of buildings as categorized by route membership, possibly supporting the idea of hierarchical representations of the environment. In Study 2, we assessed preferences regarding place and route learning using a virtual version of the rodent T-maze (Marchette, Bakker, & Shelton, 2011). Integrators found more goals overall, and although they did not have an overall preference for a place-based strategy, integrators who did choose a place-based strategy found more goals. The opposite was true for imprecise navigators. In Study 3, we added a monetary incentive for accuracy to evaluate whether increased motivation leads to fewer participants classified as imprecise, but found no significant change in the distribution of performance. These data have theoretical implications for the cognitive map hypothesis, and practical implications for improving navigational functioning. A one-size-fits-all approach may fit none.