Topological quantum glassiness

Topological quantum glassiness
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拓扑量子玻璃态

DOI:
10.1080/14786435.2011.609152
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
1.6
通讯作者:
Castelnovo C
Castelnovo C
中科院分区:
材料科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Castelnovo C

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量子隧穿通常允许路径弛豫通过能量势垒,否则在低温下很难克服经典。然而,情况并非总是如此。在本文中,我们提供了精确可解的例子,每个系统在接近越来越低的能量状态时遇到的障碍变得越来越宽,最终随着系统的大小而扩展。如果环境局部耦合到系统中的物理自由度,则在这些势垒下的隧穿需要其在微扰理论中的阶数与势垒的宽度成比例的过程。这导致量子弛豫速率在系统尺寸上呈指数抑制:对于这些量子系统,没有物理浴可以提供在低温下不动态停止的弛豫机制。这里讨论的例子来自于Kitaev的Toric码的三维推广,最初是在拓扑量子计算的背景下设计的。它们没有任何局部序参数或对称性破缺,是拓扑量子玻璃的例子。我们构建的系统具有类似于坚固或脆弱的玻璃的缓慢动力学。具有易碎松弛的例子是有趣的,因为拓扑缺陷既不是开弦也不是规则的开膜,而是维数 * = ln 3/ln 2的分形对象。
Quantum tunneling often allows pathways to relaxation past energy barriers which are otherwise hard to overcome classically at low temperatures. However, this is not always the case. In this paper we provide exactly solvable examples where the barriers each system encounters on its approach to lower and lower energy states become increasingly wide and eventually scale with the system size. If the environment coupleslocallyto the physical degrees of freedom in the system, tunneling under these barriers requires processes whose order in perturbation theory is proportional to the width of the barrier. This results in quantum relaxation rates that are exponentially suppressed in system size: For these quantum systems, nophysicalbath can provide a mechanism for relaxation that is not dynamically arrested at low temperatures. The examples discussed here are drawn from three-dimensional generalizations of Kitaev's toric code, originally devised in the context of topological quantum computing. They are devoid of any local order parameters or symmetry breaking and are examples of topological quantum glasses. We construct systems that have slow dynamics similar to either strong or fragile glasses. The example with fragile-like relaxation is interesting in that the topological defects are neither open strings nor regular open membranes, but fractal objects with dimensiond* = ln3/ln2.
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