Conservation management within strongholds in the face of disease-mediated invasions: red and grey squirrels as a case study.
Conservation management within strongholds in the face of disease-mediated invasions: red and grey squirrels as a case study.
复制标题
面对疾病介导的入侵时据点内的保护管理：以红松鼠和灰松鼠为例。
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Boots
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Andrew White;S. S. Bell;P. Lurz;M. Boots
摘要1.越来越多的证据表明，疾病介导的入侵在脊椎动物、无脊椎动物和植物系统中广泛存在。因此，我们需要更好地了解疾病在管理由于引进和入侵物种而造成的保护威胁方面的作用。2.在这里，我们开发了一个通用的理论模型框架，以评估疾病介导的入侵对通过避难所保护本地物种的可行性的影响，同时考虑到明确的空间和随机过程。3.该模型技术适用于有据可查的红色和灰色松鼠保护系统在英国作为一个案例研究。4.通过结合一般和具体的建模方法，我们能够进行管理预测，同时也获得了人口结果的基础，导致更强大的保护实践的过程的理解。5.模型结果表明，在缺乏对入侵物种的控制的情况下，本土种群在没有疾病的情况下（通过竞争）和在包括疾病的情况下（通过竞争和疾病过程）更快地被推向灭绝。6.当控制被应用于减少入侵物种的丰度时，在控制水平中存在阈值，高于该阈值，可以防止入侵种群建立，并且可以保护本地物种。7.高毒性感染-红松鼠中的松鼠痘-由于携带疾病的入侵者的持续入侵尝试，导致当地人口中的疾病周期性爆发。低毒力感染可能在本地人群中达到地方病水平。因此，一个重要的发现是，即使入侵物种被阻止建立，疾病也可以通过本地物种传播。8.密度增加的好处可能会被疾病爆发的风险增加抵消。因此，一个关键的信息是，有一个本地密度（因此栖息地质量）和疾病的影响“有害”本地物种之间的相关性。9.控制入侵物种以防止其在据点建立可以保护本地物种免受排斥，但可能无法保护其免受疾病爆发。10.合成与应用。在没有入侵物种的情况下爆发疾病可能导致重大的种群崩溃，因此是一个严重的威胁，因为它通过抑制种群的规模，使其更容易通过随机过程灭绝，从而增加了种群灭绝的风险。
Summary 1. There is increasing evidence that disease-mediated invasions are widespread across a range of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant systems. We therefore need a better understanding of the role of disease in managing conservation threats due to introduced and invasive species. 2. Here, we develop a general theoretical model framework to assess the impact of diseasemediated invasion on the viability of conserving native species through refuges taking into account explicit spatial and stochastic processes. 3. The model techniques are applied to the well-documented red and grey squirrel conservation system in the UK as a case study. 4. By combining general and specific modelling approaches, we are able to make management predictions while also gaining an understanding of the processes that underlie population outcomes leading to more robust conservation practice. 5. Model results indicate that in the absence of control of the invading species, native populations are driven to extinction both in the absence of disease (through competition) and more rapidly when the disease is included (through competition and disease processes). 6. When control is applied to reduce the abundance of the invading species, there is a threshold in the level of control, above which the invading population can be prevented from establishing and the native species can be protected. 7. Highly virulent infections – squirrelpox in red squirrels – lead to periodic outbreaks of disease in the native population due to continual invasion attempts from the disease-carrying invader. Infections with low virulence may become established at endemic levels in native populations. Therefore, an important finding is that the disease can spread through the native species even when the invading species is prevented from establishing. 8. The benefits of increased density may be countered by an increased risk of disease outbreaks. Therefore, a critical message is that there is a correlation between native density (and therefore habitat quality) and the impact of disease ‘harmful’ to native species. 9. Control of the invading species to prevent it establishing in strongholds can protect the native species from exclusion, but may not protect it from disease outbreaks. 10. Synthesis and applications. Disease outbreaks in the absence of the invading species can result in significant population crashes and therefore represents a serious threat because it contributes to the risk of population extinction by suppressing the size of the population making it more vulnerable to extinction through stochastic processes.