New cooling mechanisms for atoms and molecules
New cooling mechanisms for atoms and molecules
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DOI：
10.1080/09500340.2011.615472
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发表时间：
2011-09
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Almut Beige;T. Freegarde;F. Renzoni
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Almut Beige;T. Freegarde;F. Renzoni
本期特刊汇集了最近关于将被困原子和离子冷却到量子相干性和简并所需的微和纳米开尔文温度的研究成果。以下贡献涉及广泛的冷却方面，包括缓冲气体和腔体介导的冷却。他们报告了最近的实验[1,2]以及最近的理论进展，以提高对最佳实用路线的理解和识别[3-6]。我们特别强调理论和实验之间的密切联系，在新的冷却机制的发展，这将确保其发展为广泛的使能技术的应用范围从量子信息处理和计量到相干分子物理和化学。用光冷却大质量粒子的可能性取决于光携带动量和能量b[7]这一事实。当光在物质上散射时，能量和动量守恒导致大质量粒子的动能发生变化。使用激光冷却中性原子的想法最早是由Hänsch和Schawlow[8]提出的，而Wineland和Dehmelt[8]则独立地提出了使用激光冷却捕获离子的想法。然而，在中性原子冷却到纳米开尔文温度成为现实之前，就像今天在世界各地的许多实验室一样，如何捕获这些粒子的问题必须得到解决。答案可以在原子和光之间的动量交换中再次找到，因为虽然离子已经可以通过使用旋转电磁势被捕获[10,11]，但大多数中性原子陷阱是基于由位置相关光场引起的辐射力，利用非共振偶极子力或共振散射力在不均匀磁场[12]的存在下。今天，有各种各样的陷阱设计，可以冷却各种各样的物种，包括复杂分子，纳米粒子和纳米机械振荡器。文献中已经有大量关于冷却各个方面的综述论文（例如[12-16]）。在下面，我们只对量子光学冷却技术做一个非常基本和高度简化的介绍，我们仔细看看这一期特刊的内容，并突出其作者的贡献：
This special issue brings together recent contributions concerning the cooling of trapped atoms and ions to the micro and nanokelvin temperatures needed for quantum coherence and degeneracy. The following contributions address a wide range of aspects of cooling, including buffer gas and cavity-mediated cooling. They report recent experiments [1,2] as well as recent theoretical progress towards an improved understanding and the identification of optimal routes to practicality [3–6]. We especially highlight close connections between theory and experiment in the development of new cooling mechanisms, which will ensure their development as broad enabling technologies with applications which range from quantum information processing and metrology to coherent molecular physics and chemistry. The possibility of cooling massive particles with light rests on the fact that light carries momentum as well as energy [7]. When scattering light on matter, the conservation of energy and momentum results in a change of the kinetic energy of massive particles. The idea of using lasers for the cooling of neutral atoms was first suggested by Hänsch and Schawlow [8] and independently for trapped ions by Wineland and Dehmelt [9]. However, before the cooling of neutral atoms to nanokelvin temperatures could become a reality, as it is today in many laboratories worldwide, the problem of how to trap such particles had to be solved. Answers could again be found in the momentum exchange between atoms and light, for while ions could already be trapped through the use of rotating electromagnetic potentials [10,11], most neutral atom traps are based upon the radiative forces caused by position-dependent light fields, exploiting either the off-resonant dipole force or the resonant scattering force in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field [12]. Today, there are a huge variety of trap designs which allow the cooling of a wide range of species, including complex molecules, nano-particles, and nano-mechanical oscillators. There is already a great number of review papers on various aspects of cooling available in the literature (e.g. [12–16]). In the following, we only give a very basic and highly simplified introduction to quantum optical cooling techniques, we have a closer look at the content of this special issue and highlight the contributions of its authors: