The roles of zinc and copper sensing in fungal pathogenesis.
The roles of zinc and copper sensing in fungal pathogenesis.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.013
复制
发表时间：
2016-08
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Wilson D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ballou ER;Wilson D
锌和铜是细胞功能所需的必需微量元素。营养免疫限制锌和铜的获取并介导毒性。不同的真菌整合锌和铜反应调节子以实现发病机制。所有生物体都必须获得必需的微量营养素，包括铁、锌、锰和铜才能生存和增殖。然而，这些营养物质如果含量过高也会产生剧毒。哺乳动物的免疫力利用微量营养素的必需性和毒性来防御微生物入侵，这一过程统称为“营养免疫”。因此，病原微生物必须具有高效的微量营养素同化和解毒机制才能在感染宿主体内生存和增殖。在这篇综述中，我们比较和对比了隐球菌和念珠菌（酵母菌）的微量营养素稳态机制，尽管存在古老的进化分歧，但它们每年造成超过一百万危及生命的感染。我们关注宿主与病原体争夺必需微量金属的两个新兴领域：对锌限制和铜可用性的适应性反应。
Zinc and copper are essential trace elements required for cell function. Nutrient Immunity restricts zinc and copper access and mediates toxicity. Divergent fungi integrate zinc and copper responsive regulons for pathogenesis. All organisms must secure essential trace nutrients, including iron, zinc, manganese and copper for survival and proliferation. However, these very nutrients are also highly toxic if present at elevated levels. Mammalian immunity has harnessed both the essentiality and toxicity of micronutrients to defend against microbial invasion — processes known collectively as ‘nutritional immunity’. Therefore, pathogenic microbes must possess highly effective micronutrient assimilation and detoxification mechanisms to survive and proliferate within the infected host. In this review we compare and contrast the micronutrient homeostatic mechanisms of Cryptococcus and Candida — yeasts which, despite ancient evolutionary divergence, account for over a million life-threatening infections per year. We focus on two emerging arenas within the host–pathogen battle for essential trace metals: adaptive responses to zinc limitation and copper availability.