As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond.
As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond.
复制标题
DOI：
10.3390/life12030418
复制
发表时间：
2022-03-14
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Haller ST
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lad A;Breidenbach JD;Su RC;Murray J;Kuang R;Mascarenhas A;Najjar J;Patel S;Hegde P;Youssef M;Breuler J;Kleinhenz AL;Ault AP;Westrick JA;Modyanov NN;Kennedy DJ;Haller ST
淡水有害藻华（HABs）在世界范围内的数量和严重性都在增加。这些赤潮主要由一种或多种蓝细菌组成，也称为蓝绿藻，如微囊藻和鱼腥藻。许多HAB蓝藻物种产生毒素（例如，微囊藻毒素和类毒素（统称为赤潮毒素）破坏生态系统，影响水和空气质量，并阻碍娱乐活动，因为它们对人类和动物的健康都有害。接触这些毒素可以通过摄入、吸入或皮肤接触发生。有害藻华毒素对健康的急性影响已有详细的记录，包括恶心、呕吐、腹痛和腹泻、头痛、发烧和皮疹等症状。虽然这些不利影响通常会随着接触的数量、持续时间和频率而增加，但对HAB毒素的敏感性也可能因合并症的存在而增加。本文概述了关于有害藻华毒素的潜在长期或慢性影响的新兴科学，特别强调微囊藻毒素，特别是在易受伤害的人群中，如先前存在肝脏或胃肠道疾病的人群。这篇综述表明，需要进行更多的研究来确定可能受到预防措施帮助的高危人群。此外，还需要开展研究，从机理上了解长期、低剂量接触有害藻华毒素的情况，以便有针对性地制定适当的预防、诊断和治疗战略。
Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in number and severity worldwide. These HABs are chiefly composed of one or more species of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Numerous HAB cyanobacterial species produce toxins (e.g., microcystin and anatoxin—collectively referred to as HAB toxins) that disrupt ecosystems, impact water and air quality, and deter recreation because they are harmful to both human and animal health. Exposure to these toxins can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Acute health effects of HAB toxins have been well documented and include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, headache, fever, and skin rashes. While these adverse effects typically increase with amount, duration, and frequency of exposure, susceptibility to HAB toxins may also be increased by the presence of comorbidities. The emerging science on potential long-term or chronic effects of HAB toxins with a particular emphasis on microcystins, especially in vulnerable populations such as those with pre-existing liver or gastrointestinal disease, is summarized herein. This review suggests additional research is needed to define at-risk populations who may be helped by preventative measures. Furthermore, studies are required to develop a mechanistic understanding of chronic, low-dose exposure to HAB toxins so that appropriate preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies can be created in a targeted fashion.