Trends in Symbiont-Induced Host Cellular Differentiation.
Trends in Symbiont-Induced Host Cellular Differentiation.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_5
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Castillo JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Russell SL;Castillo JR
细菌与真核宿主的共生关系非常广泛，需要精确的相互作用才能识别和持久存在。最常见的是，宿主相关细菌干扰宿主基因表达以调节对感染的免疫反应。然而，这些细菌中的许多也干扰宿主细胞分化途径，以创造一个适宜的生态位，导致新的细胞类型，组织和器官的形成。在这两种情况下，细菌共生体必须与真核调控途径相互作用。在这里，我们详细介绍了什么是已知的细菌共生体，从病原体到互利，控制宿主细胞分化的中心法则，从表观遗传染色质修饰，转录和mRNA加工，翻译和蛋白质修饰。我们从这次调查中发现了四个主要趋势。首先，控制宿主基因表达的机制似乎是从共生体选择宿主信号通路之间的串扰进化而来的。其次，共生体的调节能力受到宿主相关细菌中还原基因组进化过程的限制。第三，共生体的调节机制与共生体的成本/收益性质相关。第四，共生体与宿主基因调控元件相互作用的机制不受天然细菌能力的约束。利用这些知识，我们探讨了如何无处不在的细胞内沃尔巴克氏体共生体的节肢动物和线虫可能会调节宿主细胞分化，操纵宿主繁殖。我们对感染如何改变沃尔巴克氏体及其宿主基因表达的文献调查显示，尽管它们的基因组大小适中，但不同的菌株似乎能够进行多种多样的调控操作。鉴于这一点和沃尔巴克氏体的表型和真核生物样蛋白的多样性，我们预计，许多共生体诱导的宿主分化机制将在这个系统中被发现。
Bacteria participate in a wide diversity of symbiotic associations with eukaryotic hosts that require precise interactions for bacterial recognition and persistence. Most commonly, host-associated bacteria interfere with host gene expression to modulate the immune response to the infection. However, many of these bacteria also interfere with host cellular differentiation pathways to create a hospitable niche, resulting in the formation of novel cell types, tissues, and organs. In both of these situations, bacterial symbionts must interact with eukaryotic regulatory pathways. Here, we detail what is known about how bacterial symbionts, from pathogens to mutualists, control host cellular differentiation across the central dogma, from epigenetic chromatin modifications, to transcription and mRNA processing, to translation and protein modifications. We identify four main trends from this survey. First, mechanisms for controlling host gene expression appear to evolve from symbionts co-opting cross-talk between host signaling pathways. Second, symbiont regulatory capacity is constrained by the processes that drive reductive genome evolution in host-associated bacteria. Third, the regulatory mechanisms symbionts exhibit correlate with the cost/benefit nature of the association. And, fourth, symbiont mechanisms for interacting with host genetic regulatory elements are not bound by native bacterial capabilities. Using this knowledge, we explore how the ubiquitous intracellular Wolbachia symbiont of arthropods and nematodes may modulate host cellular differentiation to manipulate host reproduction. Our survey of the literature on how infection alters gene expression in Wolbachia and its hosts revealed that, despite their intermediate-sized genomes, different strains appear capable of a wide diversity of regulatory manipulations. Given this and Wolbachia’s diversity of phenotypes and eukaryotic-like proteins, we expect that many symbiont-induced host differentiation mechanisms will be discovered in this system.