Experimental Rock Deformation Techniques
Experimental Rock Deformation Techniques
复制标题
岩石变形实验技术
DOI：
10.1029/gm036p0297
复制
发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
J. Tullis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Tullis;J. Tullis
岩石和矿物在地壳和地幔中变形的过程可以在实验室中通过使样品经受各种应力状态以及高环境压力和温度来研究。这种实验变形也允许研究与变形过程相关的机械行为和纹理特征。在实验室中实现岩石高温高压变形的技术，对岩石变形科学的发展起到了非常重要的作用。目前用于同时获得高压和高温的实验设计分为两类：使用弱固体作为压力介质的实验设计和使用流体（最常见的是气体）的实验设计。具有内部炉的气体设备提供最大的压力、差应力和温度精度;它们目前使用高达1400°C，尽管达到约1000°C以上的温度和约0.7 GPa以上的压力需要非常小心。固体介质设备可以在高达1500°C的温度和高达3.0 GPa的压力下使样品变形。对于高于约1100°C的温度，弱压力介质尚不可靠，并且对于高于约1.5GPa的压力，压力容器的端部加载是必要的。变形仪由围压、差载、应变、温度和孔隙压力系统组成。系统必须提供应用、控制和测量这些变量的方法。通过测量压力容器内部的这些变量可以获得最高的精度。使用计算机来收集数据和控制实验设备，对实验数据的质量和数量有很大的积极影响。然而，没有什么可以取代精心设计，建造和使用实验设备本身的各种组件。
The processes by which rocks and minerals are deformed in the earth's crust and mantle can be studied in the laboratory by subjecting samples to a variety of stress states in combination with high ambient pressures and temperatures. Such experimental deformation also allows study of the mechanical behavior and the textural features that are associated with the deformation processes. The technology required to deform rocks at high pressures and high temperatures in the laboratory has played a very important role in advancing the science of rock deformation. Current experimental designs used for attaining simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures fall into two categories: those that use a weak solid as the pressure medium and those that use a fluid, most commonly a gas. Gas apparatus with an internal furnace offer the greatest accuracy in pressure, differential stress and temperature; they are currently used up to 1400°C although attaining temperatures above about 1000°C and pressures above about 0.7 GPa requires great care. Solid media apparatus can deform samples at temperatures up to 1500°C and pressures up to 3.0 GPa. For temperatures above about 1100°C weak pressure media are not yet reliable, and for pressures above about 1.5 GPa end‐loading of the pressure vessel is necessary. A deformation apparatus consists of systems for the confining pressure, differential load, strain, temperature and pore pressure. The systems must provide methods for applying, controlling, and measuring each of these variables. The greatest accuracy can be attained by measuring these variables inside the pressure vessel. The use of computers to collect data and to control the experimental apparatus promises to have a large positive impact on the quality and quantity of experimental data. Nothing, however, can replace careful design, construction, and use of the various components of the experimental equipment itself.