Intellectuals and Fascism in Early Shōwa Japan
Intellectuals and Fascism in Early Shōwa Japan
复制标题
日本昭和初期的知识分子与法西斯主义
DOI：
10.2307/2053503
复制
发表时间：
1979
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Miles Fletcher
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miles Fletcher
用法西斯主义的概念来分析昭和初期日本的政治发展已经成为一个有争议的话题，关于法西斯主义的一般定义在欧洲近代史学者中展开了激烈的争论。本文对诺尔特的反现代主义定义进行了修正，并对日本法西斯主义进行了新的解读。作者认为，虽然日本在1930年代不是法西斯，但由昭和研究会策划并由首相近卫文麻吕在1940年推动的最初的新秩序运动确实构成了法西斯运动。它以欧洲法西斯主义的政策为蓝本，符合诺尔特的定义，旨在创造一个反现代社会。此外，新秩序运动揭示了其基本目标的两极性-倡导反现代主义，同时寻求一个强大的军事和工业国家-这是法西斯运动的核心。作者还通过强调三木清、新太郎和岚山正道三位著名作家在策划新秩序运动中的主导作用，否定了以往日本知识分子作为日本威权主义崛起的消极抵抗者的形象。
Using the concept of fascism for analyzing political developments in early Shōwa Japan has become a controversial topic, and a lively debate about a general definition of fascism has raged among scholars of modern European history. This article presents a new interpretation of Japanese fascism and a modification of Ernst Nolte's definition of fascism as anti-modernism. The author argues that while Japan was not fascist during the 1930s, the original New Order Movement, which was planned by the Shōwa Research Association and promoted by Premier Konoe Fumimaro in 1940, did constitute a fascist movement. It was modeled on policies of European fascism and, fitting Nolte's definition, aimed at creating an anti-modern society. In addition, the New Order Movement revealed a polarity in its basic goals—the advocacy of anti-modernism and the simultaneous quest for a strong military and industrial state—that is central to fascist movements. The author also rejects the previously held image of Japanese intellectuals as passive resisters against the rise of authoritarianism in Japan by emphasizing the leading roles of three prominent writers—Miki Kiyoshi, Ryū Shintarō, and Rōyama Masamichi—in planning the New Order Movement.