World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) - Towards the standardization and harmonization of world soil data : Procedures Manual 2018
World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) - Towards the standardization and harmonization of world soil data : Procedures Manual 2018
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世界土壤信息服务 (WoSIS) - 迈向世界土壤数据的标准化和统一：2018 年程序手册
DOI：
10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20180001
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
A. V. Oostrum
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Ribeiro;N. Batjes;A. V. Oostrum
为了更好地满足对土壤信息不断增长的需求，ISRIC - 世界土壤信息开发了一个集中数据库，以实现国际社会的共同利益。该数据库（以下称为 WoSIS（世界土壤信息服务））的设计原则上可以容纳任何类型的土壤数据（点、多边形和网格）。然而，WoSIS 只会以一致的格式提供经过质量评估的数据，以及有关数据沿袭和使用条件的详细信息。来自 WoSIS 的数据可用于解决当今时代紧迫的挑战，包括粮食安全、土地退化、水资源和气候变化。
目前，WoSIS 的重点是制定一致的程序，以标准化和协调各种数据提供商提交的土壤分析数据。在 WoSIS 中处理配置文件数据的一般过程如下。首先，将新的源数据“按原样”导入 PostgreSQL 数据库，并保留原始命名和编码约定、缩写、域、沿袭和数据许可证；因此，源材料的副本由 ISRIC 进行保护。其次，将源数据库导入 WoSIS 本身，形成数据标准化的第一个主要步骤（导入单个数据模型）。下一步需要将数据标准化应用于各种土壤属性的值以及命名约定本身，以使数据可查询和可用。
特别关注分析方法描述的标准化，重点关注 GlobalSoilMap（GSM，2013）规范中考虑的土壤属性列表（例如有机碳、土壤 pH 值、土壤质地（沙子、淤泥和粘土）、粗碎块、阳离子交换能力、容重和持水能力），其中我们添加了电导率。此外，我们检查了
并添加了源数据库中提供的土壤分类（FAO、WRB 和 USDA 土壤分类法）和层位名称。
在分析方法描述的标准化过程中，首先确定用于确定给定土壤性质的常用方法的主要特征。例如，对于土壤 pH 值，这些是样品预处理、提取溶液（水或盐溶液），如果是盐溶液，则为盐浓度（摩尔浓度）以及土壤/溶液比率；另一个描述性要素是用于实际实验室测量的仪器类型。针对此处考虑的其他土壤特性制定了类似的方案，并附有流程图。
标准化/协调过程的第三步将需要数据协调，以使分析数据具有可比性，就像“通过单一给定（参考）方法进行评估”。正如全球土壤伙伴关系第五支柱框架中所预见的那样，此类工作将需要进一步的国际合作和数据共享，以造福国际用户群体。本质上，当前的标准化程序仅适用于标记为具有足够权限的土壤剖面（即至少具有 Creatice Commons 许可证类型 CC BY 或 CC BY-NC 的“共享”剖面）。可以通过我们的 GeoNetwork 实例 (http://data.isric.org/) 访问生成的标准化数据。最新的动态数据集可通过网络要素服务 (WFS) 获得；相应的数据层被称为“WoSIS 最新”。为了一致的引用目的，我们还以逗号分隔格式 (CSV) 生成标准化数据的“静态”快照，最近的“WoSIS 快照 - 2016 年 7 月”（Batjes 等人，2017 年）。
WoSIS 构成了 ISRIC 空间数据基础设施 (SDI) 的重要组成部分。进一步的发展将能够满足未来对全球土壤信息的需求，并能够进一步将第三方共享的土壤数据以可互操作的方式纳入联合系统中。
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To better address the growing demand for soil information ISRIC - World Soil Information has developed a centralized database for the shared benefit of the international community. This database, hereafter referred to as WoSIS (World Soil Information Service), has been designed in such a way that, in principle, any type of soil data (point, polygon, and grid) may be accommodated. However, WoSIS will only provide quality-assessed data in a consistent format, with detailed information on data lineage and conditions for use. Data derived from WoSIS may be used to address pressing challenges of our time including food security, land degradation, water resources, and climate change.
At present, the focus in WoSIS is on developing consistent procedures for standardizing and harmonizing soil analytical data as submitted by a wide range data providers. The general procedure for processing profile data in WoSIS is as follows. First, new source data are imported ‘as is’ into a PostgreSQL database, with the original naming and coding conventions, abbreviations, domains, lineage and data licence; thereby copies of the source materials are safeguarded at ISRIC. Second, the source databases are imported into WoSIS proper, forming the first major step of data standardization (into a single data model). The next step of data standardization, applied to the values for the various soil properties as well as to the naming conventions themselves, is needed to make the data queryable and useable.
Special attention has been paid to the standardization of analytical method descriptions, focusing on the list of soil attributes considered in the GlobalSoilMap (GSM, 2013) specifications (e.g. organic carbon, soil pH, soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), coarse fragments, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, and water holding capacity), to which we have added electrical conductivity. Further, we checked
and added the soil classification (FAO, WRB and USDA Soil Taxonomy) and horizon designations as provided in the source databases.
During the standardization of the analytical method descriptions, major characteristics of commonly used methods for determining a given soil property are identified first. For soil pH, for example, these are the sample pretreatment, extractant solution (water or salt solution), and in case of salt solutions the salt concentration (molarity), as well as the soil/solution ratio; a further descriptive element is the type of instrument used for the actual laboratory measurement. Similar schemes were developed for the other soil properties under consideration here, with accompanying flowcharts.
A third step in the standardization / harmonization process will require data harmonization to make the analytical data comparable that is as ’if assessed by a single given (reference) method’. Such work will require further international collaboration and data sharing to the benefit of the international user community as foreseen in the framework of Pillar 5 of the Global Soil Partnership. Inherently, the present standardization procedures are only applied to soil profiles flagged as having adequate permissions (i.e. ’shared’ profiles with at least a Creatice Commons Licence type CC BY or CC BY-NC). The resulting standardized data can be accessed through our GeoNetwork instance (http://data.isric.org/). The latest, dynamic dataset is available through a web feature service (WFS); the corresponding data layers are referred to as ‘WoSIS latest’. For consistent citation purposes, we also produce ‘static’ snapshots of the standarized data in comma delimited format (CSV), most recently ‘WoSIS snapshot - July 2016’ (Batjes et al., 2017).
WoSIS forms an important building block of ISRIC‘s Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Further developments will allow for the fulfilment of future demands for global soil information, and enable further incorporation of soil data shared by third parties in an inter-operable way, within a federated system.
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