Social comparison activity under threat: downward evaluation and upward contacts.
Social comparison activity under threat: downward evaluation and upward contacts.
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DOI：
10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.569
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发表时间：
1989-10
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
S. Taylor;M. Lobel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Taylor;M. Lobel
社会比较过程包括与他人交往的愿望、了解他人信息的愿望以及针对他人的明确自我评价。以前，这些类型的比较活动及其相应的测量方法被视为可以互换的。我们提供的证据表明，在某些受到威胁的群体中，这些比较活动会出现差异，会针对一个不太幸运的对象进行明确的自我评价（向下评价），但会从更幸运的他人那里寻求信息和交往（向上接触）。出现这些影响是因为向下评价和向上接触似乎满足不同的需求，前者改善自尊，后者使一个人能够改善自己的处境，同时增加动力和希望。本文讨论了对社会比较的概念、测量和理论的启示。
Social comparison processes include the desire to affiliate with others, the desire for information about others, and explicit self-evaluation against others. Previously these types of comparison activity and their corresponding measures have been treated as interchangeable. We present evidence that in certain groups under threat, these comparison activities diverge, with explicit self-evaluation made against a less fortunate target (downward evaluation), but information and affiliation sought out from more fortunate others (upward contacts). These effects occur because downward evaluation and upward contacts appear to serve different needs, the former ameliorating self-esteem and the latter enabling a person to improve his or her situation and simultaneously increase motivation and hope. Implications for the concept, measurement, and theory of social comparison are discussed.