Controlled Wheel Traffic Effects on Soil Properties in Ridge Tillage
Controlled Wheel Traffic Effects on Soil Properties in Ridge Tillage
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DOI：
10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700040030x
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发表时间：
1993-07
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
M. Liebig;A. Jones;L. N. Mielke;J. Doran
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Liebig;A. Jones;L. N. Mielke;J. Doran
垄耕法在高度可靠的土地上得到了广泛的应用。宽度匹配设备使生产者能够在垄作中建立永久的车道。永久性车道的建立和缺乏种植前耕作增加了人们对土壤板结的担忧。我们研究的目的是评估长期受控拖拉机车轮交通对垄耕系统土壤特性的影响。这项研究是在内布拉斯加州东南部的夏普斯堡粘土（细质、蒙脱石、中等典型阿吉多尔粘土）上进行的。采用裂区-裂区设计来评估玉米 (Zea mays L.) 和大豆 [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] 作物的土壤特性差异；行、流通行间和非流通行间位置；深度为0至7.5、7.5至15和15至30厘米。该地块上使用的拖拉机的轴荷为 4 毫克。采样是在夏季起垄后进行的。不同位置之间土壤性质的大部分变化仅限于 0 至 7.5 厘米深度。堆积密度、土壤强度、骨料平均重量直径 (MWD)、田间持水量 (FC) 和萎蔫点含水量 (WP) 往往在运输行间最高，在行中最低。饱和水含量和重力水（GW）通常在行中最高，而在运输的行间中最低。贩运行间的土壤强度比非贩运行间高 56%，比行间高 104%。堆积密度也观察到类似但不太明显的位置差异。行间行车的骨料平均重量直径表明，车轮交通导致行间 0 至 7.5 厘米深度内的骨料较大，而起垄则导致骨料较小。通行行间的平均饱和导水率(/£„,)约为非通行行间和行间平均值的四分之一。有机碳和总氮在行中高于行间。拖拉机车轮交通对土壤性质的影响在15至30厘米深度处基本消散。由于不同位置之间土壤性质的差异，垄作田应减少耕作量。 作为三个不同的土壤区域而不是作为一个单元进行概念化和管理。垄耕面积正在增加。虽然最初推广是为了提高排水不良土壤上的作物产量，但它正在高度侵蚀的土地上得到广泛使用（水土保持协会，1990）。除了加强侵蚀控制之外，与传统耕作系统相比，垄耕还具有减少燃料、化学品和劳动力投入的优点。农业管理系统 例如，在保持作物和土壤生产力的同时提高资源效率的田脊耕作对于生产者满足未来生产需求并避免环境退化至关重要。垄耕的特点是永久的行间配置，其中行在一年中的大部分时间都高于行间 12 至 20 厘米（图 1）。生产者经常在田埂耕地中使用同宽设备，以便拖拉机轮行进行除草剂和施肥， 播种和起垄仅限于同一行间。联合轮 M.A. Liebig 和 A.J.琼斯，农学系和 L.N.米尔克和 J.W.多兰，美国农业部 ARS，大学。内布拉斯加州，林肯，NE 68583。来自内布拉斯加州农业公司的贡献。过期。 Stn.，期刊系列号。 10086。收稿日期：1992 年 10 月 22 日。'通讯作者。 发表于土壤科学。苏克。上午。 J.57：1061-1066（1993）。田间耕作中的交通也受到控制，但通常仅限于行间，间隔比拖拉机更宽。因此，垄作中存在三种不同的土壤环境：行间通行、行间通行和行间通行。由于永久性车道的发展和缺乏种植前耕作，人们担心土壤板结问题 田间行间贩运及其对根系生长、养分和水分供应、杂草控制和产量的潜在影响。大量涉及传统、减耕和免耕处理的研究表明，与非运输行间和行相比，运输行间的堆积密度和土壤强度有所增加（Voorhees 等人，1978 年；Fausey 和 Dylla，1984 年；Gerik 等人，1987 年；Larney 和 克拉迪夫科，1989）。车轮交通造成的高容重和土壤强度会阻碍根系生长，从而降低作物产量，并且可能持续多年（Voorhees 等，1986）。与非贩运间行相比，贩运间行的 Ridgetill 根密度降低了 50% 以上（Bauder 等，1985；Kaspar 等，1991）。已发现车轮交通可降低孔隙率 行间较大孔隙的比例导致不同位置之间土壤水排水和保留特性的差异。据观察，与行相比，垄耕间行的渗透能力降低（Hamlett 等人，1990）。已发现，在 0 至 —100 kPa 之间，在通行的行间中，比在非通行的行间或犁板犁、凿子、垄耕机、 和免耕系统（Johnson 等，1984）。同样，据报道，车轮交通可以减少直径 > 15 u 的孔隙体积。位于犁板犁间行上部 17.8 厘米处（Hill 和 MezaMontalva，1990）。很少有研究记录田埂耕作对行压实土壤特性的影响。据报道，低于 7.5 厘米的脊耕行土壤强度显着增加（Bauder 等） 等，1985）。有人认为，行中土壤强度的增加可能是由于当土壤达到或超过田间持水量时，种植操作造成的压实（Larney 和 Kladivko，1989）。我们研究的目的是评估长期受控拖拉机车轮交通对垄耕系统土壤特性的影响。材料和方法 研究地点位于内布拉斯加州大学林肯罗杰斯纪念农场，位于大约 内布拉斯加州林肯（兰开斯特县）以东 19 公里处。该场地是近乎水平（坡度为 0-3%）的夏普斯堡粉质粘壤土，含 10% 沙子、57% 淤泥、33% 粘土、23 千克有机碳土壤和 2.3 千克总氮土壤。这项长期耕作研究是建立在缩写词上的：MWD，聚集平均重量直径； /£„„ 饱和 水力传导率； SAT，饱和含水量； GW，重力水； FC，田间持水量； WP，萎蔫点含水量； AWHC，可用持水能力； OC，有机碳； TN，总氮。
Ridge-till is gaining widespread use on highly credible land. Matchedwidth equipment has allowed producers to establish permanent traffic lanes in ridge-till. The establishment of permanent traffic lanes and a lack of preplant tillage has increased concern about soil compaction. The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of long-term controlled tractor wheel traffic on soil properties of a ridge tillage system. This research was conducted on a Sharpsburg silly clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) in southeastern Nebraska. A split-split-plot design was employed to evaluate differences in soil properties among corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crops; row, trafficked interrow, and nontrafficked interrow positions; and depths of 0 to 7.5, 7.5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm. Axle load of the tractor used on the plots was 4 Mg. Sampling was conducted in the summer after ridging. Most variability in soil properties among positions was confined to the 0to 7.5-cm depth. Bulk density, soil strength, aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD), water content at field capacity (FC), and water content at wilting point (WP) tended to be highest in the trafficked interrow and least in the row. Saturated water content and gravitational water (GW) were generally highest in the row and least in the trafficked interrow. Soil strength in the trafficked interrow was 56% greater than the nontrafficked interrow and 104% greater than the row. Similar, but less pronounced differences among positions were also observed for bulk density. Aggregate mean weight diameter in the trafficked interrow indicated that wheel traffic resulted in larger aggregates while ridging resulted in smaller aggregates in the 0to 7.5-cm depth of the row. Mean saturated hydraulic conductivity (/£„,) in the trafficked interrow was approximately onequarter of the mean value for the nontrafficked interrow and row. Organic C and TN were greater in the row than the interrow positions. The influence of tractor wheel traffic on soil properties was largely dissipated by the 15to 30-cm depth. Because of the dissimilarity in soil properties among positions, ridge-tilled fields should be conceptualized and managed as three distinct soil zones, not as a single unit. A OF RIDGE TILLAGE is increasing. While first promoted to enhance crop production on poorly drained soils, it is gaining widespread use on highly erodible land (Soil and Water Conservation Society, 1990). In addition to increased erosion control, ridge-till has been found to offer benefits of reduced fuel, chemical, and labor inputs compared with conventional tillage systems. Agricultural management systems such as ridge-till that increase resource efficiency while maintaining crop and soil productivity are essential for producers to meet future production demands while avoiding environmental degradation. Ridge tillage is characterized by a permanent rowinterrow configuration where the row is elevated 12 to 20 cm above the interrow throughout most of the year (Fig. 1). Producers often use matched-width equipment in ridge till so that tractor wheel traffic for herbicide and fertilizer application, planting, and ridging is confined to the same interrows. Combine wheel M.A. Liebig and A.J. Jones, Dep.of Agronomy and L.N. Mielke and J.W. Doran, USDA-ARS, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583. Contribution from the Nebraska Agric. Exp. Stn., Journal Series no. 10086. Received 22 Oct. 1992. 'Corresponding author. Published in Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57:1061-1066 (1993). traffic is also controlled in ridge-till but typically confined to interrows at a wider interval than the tractor. As a result, three distinct soil environments exist in ridge-till: trafficked interrows, nontrafficked interrows, and rows. Because of the development of permanent traffic lanes and lack of preplant tillage, there is concern about soil compaction in the trafficked interrow of ridge-till and its potential impact on root growth, nutrient and water availability, weed control, and yield. Numerous studies involving conventional, reduced, and no-tillage treatments have documented increased bulk density and soil strength in trafficked interrows, compared with nontrafficked interrows and rows (Voorhees et al., 1978; Fausey and Dylla, 1984; Gerik et al., 1987; Larney and Kladivko, 1989). High bulk density and soil strength created by wheel traffic can lower crop yields by impeding root growth and may persist for many years (Voorhees et al., 1986). Ridgetill root densities have been reduced in trafficked interrows by >50%, compared with nontrafficked interrows (Bauder et al., 1985; Kaspar et al., 1991). Wheel traffic has been found to decrease the porosity and proportion of larger pores in trafficked interrows resulting in differences in soil-water drainage and retention characteristics among positions. Reduced infiltration capacity in ridge-till interrows compared with rows has been observed (Hamlett et al., 1990). Less water has been found to be retained between 0 and —100 kPa in trafficked interrows than in nontrafficked interrows or rows of moldboard plow, chisel, ridge-till, and no-till systems (Johnson et al., 1984). Similarly, wheel traffic was reported to reduce the volume of pores > 15 u, diam. in the upper 17.8 cm of moldboard plow interrows (Hill and MezaMontalva, 1990). Few studies have documented the effects of ridge tillage on soil properties with regard to compaction in rows. Significant increases in soil strength in ridgetill rows below 7.5 cm have been reported (Bauder et al., 1985). It has been suggested that increased soil strength in the row may be attributed to compaction created by planting operations when soil is at or above field capacity (Larney and Kladivko, 1989). The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of long-term controlled tractor wheel traffic on soil properties of a ridge tillage system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research site is located at the University of NebraskaLincoln Rogers' Memorial Farm located approximately 19 km east of Lincoln, NE (Lancaster County). The site is a nearly level (0-3% slope) Sharpsburg silry clay loam with 10% sand, 57% silt, 33% clay, 23 kg organic C msoil, and 2.3 kg total N msoil. This long-term tillage study was established on Abbreviations: MWD, aggregate mean weight diameter; /£„„ saturated hydraulic conductivity; SAT, water content at saturation; GW, gravitational water; FC, water content at field capacity; WP, water content at wilting point; AWHC, available water-holding capacity; OC, organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen.