On Methods of Electing Representatives-猫眼课题宝

论代表的选举办法

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H. Droop

转载自《伦敦统计学会杂志》，卷。 44，第 2 期（1881 年 6 月），第 141-202 页，据皇家统计学会了解。原件的页码用方括号中的数字标记。 [统计学会前阅读，1881 年 4 月 12 日。] 在现代，代表选举已成为所有政治和社会机制中最重要的组成部分。当许多人无法方便地聚在一起决定如何管理他们的共同事务时；无论是因为人数太多，还是因为缺乏闲暇，或者出于任何其他原因，他们都会选举代表来代表他们行事。因此，不仅像下议院这样的国家议会，以及像市议会、学校董事会和监护人委员会这样的市政机构，而且还有股份公司的董事会和志愿社团的委员会，都由选举产生的代表组成或在很大程度上由选举产生的代表组成。假设选举人有权选举出能够令人满意地替代自己的代表，并且通过他们的审议和投票，将产生与所有选举人作为一个整体开会、审议和投票基本相同的结果。但这一假设能否实现以及能实现到什么程度，在很大程度上取决于这些代表的选举方式。直到最近几年，几乎普遍认为选举代表的方式只有一种可能，即现在所谓的多数投票，根据这种方式，每个选举人可以投票给与待选代表一样多的候选人，但只能将一票投给同一候选人。之所以称为“多数投票”，是因为每当有足够数量的选民同意投票给选区时，构成选区的多数

Reprinted from Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 44, No. 2. (Jun., 1881), pp. 141-202, with the knowledge of the Royal Statistical Society. The page numbers of the original are marked by numbers in square brackets. [Read before the Statistical Society, 12th April, 1881.] THE election of representatives has become, in modern times, a most important part of all political and social machinery. Whenever a number of persons cannot conveniently meet together to determine how their common affairs should be managed; whether because they are too numerous, or for want of leisure, or for any other reason, they elect representatives to act for them. Thus, not only national assemblies like the House of Commons, and municipal bodies, such as town councils, school boards, and boards of guardians, but also boards of directors for joint stock companies, and committees of voluntary societies, consist either altogether or to a great extent of elected representatives. It is assumed that the electors have it in their power to elect such representatives as will be satisfactory substitutes for themselves, and will, by their deliberations and votes, yield substantially the same results as if all the electors met and deliberated and voted as a single body. But whether and how far this assumption may be realised, will depend to a great extent upon the mode in which these representatives are elected. Until within the last few years it was almost universally taken for granted that there was only one possible mode of electing representatives, viz., that now known as majority voting, according to which each elector may vote for as many candidates as there are representatives to be elected, but may only give one of his votes to the same candidate. It is called “majority voting” because whenever a sufficient number of electors to constitute a majority of the constituency agree to vote for the

On Methods of Electing Representatives

论代表的选举办法

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