Space radiation dosimetry in low-Earth orbit and beyond
Space radiation dosimetry in low-Earth orbit and beyond
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DOI：
10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00748-0
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发表时间：
2001-09-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Benton, E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benton, ER;Benton, E
空间辐射剂量学是辐射防护领域面临的最大挑战之一。这是由于在近地轨道和行星际空间遇到的辐射场高度复杂的性质以及航天对仪器设计施加的限制造成的。本文综述了近地轨道和地球磁层外空间辐射环境的来源和组成。对过去四十年人类太空飞行中收集的大量剂量学数据进行了回顾。在和平号轨道站进行的测量强调了航天器结构内二次粒子产生的重要性以及屏蔽对乘员剂量和剂量当量的影响。国际空间站上大约一半的剂量预计来自被捕获的质子，一半来自银河宇宙射线（GCRs）。由于在低轨道航天器上缺乏中子测量，以及进行这种测量所固有的困难，在估计中子对总剂量当量的贡献时存在很大的不确定性。除了在阿波罗登月任务中进行的有限的测量。没有人在地球磁层以外进行过船员剂量测定。目前，在规划行星际任务时，我们被迫依赖基于模型的乘员剂量和剂量当量估计。比如火星任务。虽然低地球轨道上的宇航员不太可能超过NCRP等组织建议的暴露限值，但在人类执行火星任务的过程中，与建议限值相同数量级的剂量很可能是相当的。(C) 2001 Elsevier Science b.v.版权所有
Space radiation dosimetry presents one of the greatest challenges in the discipline of radiation protection. This is a result of both the highly complex nature of the radiation fields encountered in low-Earth orbit (LEO) and interplanetary space and of the constraints imposed by spaceflight on instrument design. This paper reviews the sources and composition of the space radiation environment in LEO as well as beyond the Earth's magnetosphere. A review of much of the dosimetric data that have been gathered over the last four decades of human space flight is presented. The different factors affecting the radiation exposures of astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are emphasized, Measurements made aboard the Mir Orbital Station have highlighted the importance of both secondary particle production within the structure of spacecraft and the effect of shielding on both crew dose and dose equivalent. Roughly half the dose on ISS is expected to come from trapped protons and half from galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). The dearth of neutron measurements aboard LEO spacecraft and the difficulty inherent in making such measurements have led to large uncertainties in estimates of the neutron contribution to total dose equivalent. Except for a limited number of measurements made aboard the Apollo lunar missions. no crew dosimetry has been conducted beyond the Earth's magnetosphere. At the present time we are forced to rely on model-based estimates of crew dose and dose equivalent when planning for interplanetary missions. such as a mission to Mars. While space crews in LEO are unlikely to exceed the exposure limits recommended by such groups as the NCRP, dose equivalents of the same order as the recommended limits are likely over the course of a human mission to Mars. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved.