Agricultural origins on the Anatolian plateau
Agricultural origins on the Anatolian plateau
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1800163115
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发表时间：
2018-04-03
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Elliott, Sarah
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baird, Douglas;Fairbairn, Andrew;Elliott, Sarah
本文探讨了食物生产早期出现在西南亚新月沃土以外的解释和后果，它起源于公元前10 /9千年。我们提供的证据表明，在公元前9千年中叶，安纳托利亚中部通过土著采集者的采用出现了种植，但也表明，吸收并不均匀，一些社区选择积极地无视种植。种植的采用伴随着在低水平粮食生产系统中放牧绵羊/山羊的实验，该系统被整合到觅食实践中，而不是用来取代它们。此外，低水平的粮食生产不是一个短暂的过渡状态，而是持续了几个世纪的生存战略的一部分，尽管它的采用对Boncuklu的采用社区产生了重大的长期社会影响。材料的连续性表明，Boncuklu的社区是公元前7100年在Catalhoyuk东部更大的定居点所看到的祖先，到那时，对粮食生产的适度参与已经转变为对混合农业的主要承诺，使得一个非常大的定居社区得以维持。来自安纳托利亚中部的这一证据表明，解释农业早期传播的两极分化立场，反对土著采用农民殖民化，不适合理解当地的生存序列和相关的社会变革。我们通过调查拒绝或采用农业实践的短期和长期影响，超越了确定农业传播的机制。
This paper explores the explanations for, and consequences of, the early appearance of food production outside the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia, where it originated in the 10th/9th millennia cal BC. We present evidence that cultivation appeared in Central Anatolia through adoption by indigenous foragers in the mid ninth millennium cal BC, but also demonstrate that uptake was not uniform, and that some communities chose to actively disregard cultivation. Adoption of cultivation was accompanied by experimentation with sheep/goat herding in a system of low-level food production that was integrated into foraging practices rather than used to replace them. Furthermore, rather than being a short-lived transitional state, low-level food production formed part of a subsistence strategy that lasted for several centuries, although its adoption had significant long-term social consequences for the adopting community at Boncuklu. Material continuities suggest that Boncuklu's community was ancestral to that seen at the much larger settlement of Catalhoyuk East from 7100 cal BC, by which time a modest involvement with food production had been transformed into a major commitment to mixed farming, allowing the sustenance of a very large sedentary community. This evidence from Central Anatolia illustrates that polarized positions explaining the early spread of farming, opposing indigenous adoption to farmer colonization, are unsuited to understanding local sequences of subsistence and related social change. We go beyond identifying the mechanisms for the spread of farming by investigating the shorter- and longer-term implications of rejecting or adopting farming practices.