Introduction to special issue: Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in immunity in invertebrates
Introduction to special issue: Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in immunity in invertebrates
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特刊简介：模式识别受体及其在无脊椎动物免疫中的作用
DOI：
10.1016/j.dci.2020.103712
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Vasta, Gerardo R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang, Jin-Xing;Vasta, Gerardo R.
“模式识别受体”（PRRs）作为先天免疫识别感染性挑战的关键组成部分的概念是在80年代末提出的(1)，在前一年克隆了IL-1受体（IL-1 - r1）(2)。在果蝇黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）抗真菌感染的先天免疫应答中发现Toll受体（最初被认为是早期发育中背-腹侧极化的关键），以及阐明导致免疫基因表达的炎症信号通路（3,4），使2011年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予Jules Hoffmann。自20世纪90年代初以来，toll样受体（TLRs）的研究领域在哺乳动物实验模型系统和人类中的发展尤其迅猛，因为它使人们能够详细了解先天免疫反应和适应性免疫反应之间的联系。无脊椎动物缺乏典型的由免疫球蛋白、t细胞和b细胞受体介导的适应性免疫，依靠先天免疫反应来防御感染。因此，对Toll和TLRs以及许多其他PRRs的研究，无论是细胞内还是细胞外，还是可溶性或细胞膜相关的PRRs，都与我们了解无脊椎动物如何检测潜在的致病微生物并启动炎症防御反应最为相关。除了tlr之外，在无脊椎动物中描述的各种PRRs中，尽管在60年代早期在陆生蜗牛中被描述为“保护”，但凝集素在识别潜在致病性细菌、病毒、酵母和真核寄生虫表面的碳水化合物部分中的作用从那时起引起了越来越多的兴趣。此外，尽管免疫球蛋白超家族的成员已经在无脊椎动物中被发现，并参与与免疫无关的功能（法西林和汞合金），但最初在昆虫中描述的血液素和唐氏综合征细胞粘附分子（Dscam）已被证明参与针对微生物或寄生虫攻击的先天免疫反应。
The concept of “pattern recognition receptors”(PRRs) as key components of innate immunity for the recognition of infectious challenges was proposed during the late 80’s (1), upon the cloning of the IL-1 receptor (IL1-R1) in the previous year (2). The identification of Toll as a receptor in innate immune responses against fungal infection of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (initially characterized as key to dorso-ventral polarization in early development), and the elucidation of inflammatory signaling pathways that led to the expression of immune genes (3, 4) merited the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Jules Hoffmann in 2011.Since the early 90’s the growth of the research field of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was particularly explosive in mammalian experimental model systems and man, as it enabled a detailed understanding of the links between innate and adaptive immune responses. Invertebrates lack the adaptive immunity typical of vertebrates mediated by immunoglobulins, and T-and B-cell receptors, and rely on innate immune responses for defense against infection. Thus, the study of Toll and TLRs, as well as many other PRRs, either intra-and extracellular, or soluble or cell membrane-associated, has emerged as most relevant to our understanding of how invertebrates detect potentially pathogenic microbes and initiate an inflammatory defense response. In addition to TLRs, among the various PRRs described in invertebrates, and although described in the early 60’s in terrestrial snails under the term “protectins”, the role (s) of lectins in the recognition of carbohydrate moieties on the surface of potentially pathogenic bacteria, viruses, yeasts and eukaryotic parasites have generated increasing interest since then. Furthermore, although members of the immunoglobulin superfamily have been identified in invertebrates and participate in functions unrelated to immunity (fasciclin and amalgam), hemolin and the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), initially described in insects, have been shown to participate in innate immune responses against microbial or parasitic challenge.