The lightning discharge
The lightning discharge
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DOI：
10.1049/ji-2.1941.0065
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发表时间：
1941-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Bruce;R. H. Golde
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Bruce;R. H. Golde
对现有资料的调查表明，所有雷暴中的闪电在闪电所涉及的时间和闪电的次数方面都具有相似的特征，并表明诺因德的发散值是由于对他的数据的错误解释所致。结果表明，虽然闪电中和的电荷可能比迄今所认为的大50%，但云势只是接受值的几分之一，闪电的能量约为250千瓦时，而威尔逊的值约为2800千瓦时。提出了一种与超前回击机理有关的理论，使雷电电流波形的计算成为可能，并导出了多次闪电中整个电流波形的形式。综合许多研究的结果，得出了回击机制的图景和所产生的各种场变化的计算，这些变化在形状和幅度上都与观测到的一致。对冲击引起的静电场变化的分析提供了新的曙光。从几个方面强调了空间电荷的重要性，包括云电荷的中和，空气放电的频率，空间电荷与空间电荷之间的关系。以及帝国大厦闪光的特殊性，对其潮流进行了重新分析。研究了直击对输电线路的影响，结果表明，不会引起闪络的连续击穿是不可能的。结果表明，热带和温带地区对地闪电的极性不同，不能从对杆塔的闪电极性推断出对相线的闪电极性。并对进一步的研究提出了建议。
A survey of the data available indicates that lightning flashes in all thunderstorms have similar characteristics as regards the times involved and the number of strokes in a flash, and it is shown that Norinder's divergent values are due to misinter-pretation of his data. It is suggested that while the charge neutralized in a lightning flash is probably about 50% greater than has hitherto been believed, the cloud potential is only a few per cent of the accepted value, and the energy of a flash about 250 kWh, as compared with Wilson's value of about 2800 kWh. A theory is advanced bearing on the mechanism of the leader and return strokes, which enables the shape of the lightning current wave to be calculated; in addition, a form is derived for the whole current wave in a multiple flash. A synthesis made from the results of many investigations leads to a picture of the mechanism of the return stroke and to the calculation of the various field changes produced, which agree well with those observed both in shape and in amplitude. New light is thrown on the analysis of the electrostatic field change caused by a stroke. The importance of space charge is emphasized in several connections, including the neutralization of cloud charge thereby, the frequency of ?air discharges? and the peculiarity of flashes to the Empire State Building, the currents to which have been re-analysed. The effect of direct strokes to transmission lines is investigated, and it is shown that successive strokes which do not cause flashover are unlikely. The polarity of flashes to earth is shown to differ in tropical and temperate regions, and it is concluded that the polarity of strokes to phase wires cannot be deduced from that of strokes to towers. Suggestions are made as to further investigations.