Melanin Synthesis in the Cell Wall

Melanin Synthesis in the Cell Wall
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细胞壁中的黑色素合成

DOI:
10.1002/9783527644179.ch22
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
6
通讯作者:
Klaus Tietjen
Klaus Tietjen
中科院分区:
化学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
M. Schindler;H. Sawada;Klaus Tietjen

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2002年,黑色素生物合成抑制剂(MBI)杀菌剂只占世界杀菌剂市场的一个小部分,全球市场份额约为10%。MBI杀菌剂在亚洲和一些拉丁美洲国家的水稻生产中发挥着重要作用。在日本,在用于治疗稻瘟病的各种特效杀菌剂中,mbi仅次于寄主防御诱导剂。然而,随着2001年日本南部稻瘟病菌抗MBI-D品系的报道(值得注意的是,在稻瘟病中这种抗性只在日本报道,而在其他国家没有报道),mbi很快被寄主防御诱导剂所取代。黑色素是在不同的生物环境中使用的一个通用术语,用于各种不溶的黑色或黑色复杂的多酚树脂,其化学结构通常只被不完全表征[1,2]。尽管黑色素的定义不准确,但它在生物世界中无处不在,最著名的例子是哺乳动物的黑色素。后者是由氨基酸酪氨酸和3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸L(DOPA)作为单体构筑块生物合成的。在哺乳动物中,黑色素承担着各种生物学功能,有时也包括神经系统。然而,哺乳动物的黑色素与这里讨论的真菌黑色素是截然不同的。真菌如稻瘟病菌含有一种由1,8-二羟基萘(Dhn)构成的黑色素,称为dhn黑色素[1]。DHN黑色素的生物合成途径短而简单(图22.1);组成成分的来源不是氨基酸,而是一种起源于乙酰辅酶A和丙二酰辅酶A的聚酮。到目前为止,dhn黑色素生物合成途径的所有酶都已经被鉴定、克隆,并且大多被很好地描述[1,3]。
In 2002, the melanin biosynthesis inhibitor (MBI) fungicides constituted a minor segment of the world fungicide market, with a global market share of approximately 10%. The MBI fungicides play an important role in rice production in Asia and in some Latin American countries. In Japan, among the various specific fungicides used to treat rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae), the MBIs come a close second position after the host defense inducers. However, following the report of a MBI-D resistant strain of Pyricularia oryzae in southern Japan in 2001 (notably, such resistance in rice blast was reported only in Japan, and not in other countries), the MBIs were quickly replaced with host defense inducers. Melanin is a general term used in different biological contexts for various insoluble dark or black complex polyphenolic resins, the chemical structures of which are often only incompletely characterized [1, 2]. Despite its imprecise definition, melanin is found ubiquitously in the living world, the best known example being mammalian melanin. The latter is biosynthesized from the amino acids tyrosine and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine l-(DOPA) as monomeric building blocks. In mammals, the melanins undertake a variety of biological functions including, on occasion, the neuronal system. Mammalian melanin is, however, quite distinct from the fungal melanin being discussed here. Fungi such as Pyricularia contain a melanin that is constructed from 1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN), and which is referred to as DHN melanin [1]. The biosynthetic pathway of DHN melanin is short and simple (Figure 22.1); the origin of the building blocks is not amino acids, but a polyketide originating from acetyl coenzyme A and malonyl coenzyme A. Besides DHN, this fungal melanin may contain other poorly characterized constituents. To date, all the enzymes of the DHN melanin biosynthesis pathway have been identified, cloned, and are mostly well described [1, 3].
稻瘟菌黑色素生物合成抑制剂 (MBI) 抗性菌株中发现的 scytalone 脱水酶 Val75Met 变体的酶学表征。
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