The Key Techno-Economic and Manufacturing Drivers for Reducing the Cost of Power-to-Gas and a Hydrogen-Enabled Energy System
The Key Techno-Economic and Manufacturing Drivers for Reducing the Cost of Power-to-Gas and a Hydrogen-Enabled Energy System
复制标题
DOI：
10.3390/hydrogen2030015
复制
发表时间：
2021-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Smallbone, Andrew
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bristowe, George;Smallbone, Andrew
水电解是将电转化为氢的过程，被视为实现净零兼容能源系统的关键技术。它将使可再生电力作为供暖、运输和工业的主要能源得到扩大。然而，取代目前由化石燃料所扮演的角色可能需要低至1美元/公斤的氢气价格，而使用电解生产的可再生氢气目前为10美元/公斤。本文探讨了质子交换膜（PEM）电解槽的大规模生产如何降低资本成本，从而使可再生能源氢气（PtG）的生产更具经济可行性。一个自下而上的直接制造模型的开发，以确定如何规模经济可以降低电解的资本成本。结果表明（假设200 kW PEM电解系统的年产量为5000台）PEM电解系统的资本成本可以基于当前技术从1990 $/kW降低到590 $/kW，然后基于安装容量放大十倍和一百倍分别降低到431 $/kW和300 $/kW。然后完成了生命周期成本分析，以确定电解系统的资本成本对氢气价格的重要性。据观察，根据目前的技术，大规模生产对氢的价格有很大的影响，从6.40美元/公斤（每年10个单位）降低到4.16美元/公斤（每年5000个单位）。为确定不同装机容量下的成本进行了进一步分析，结果发现，如果技术规模分别扩大10倍和100倍，成本可进一步降至2.63美元/公斤和1.37美元/公斤。根据2030年（及以后）的基线假设，预计PEM电解制氢可用作工业过程原料，为建筑物提供电力和热量，并作为重型货车（HGV）的燃料。在用于住宅或工业供暖解决方案或长途运输的改造天然气网络的情况下，与电气化供暖或运输解决方案相比，它代表了一种更具经济吸引力和大规模兼容的解决方案。
Water electrolysis is a process which converts electricity into hydrogen and is seen as a key technology in enabling a net-zero compatible energy system. It will enable the scale-up of renewable electricity as a primary energy source for heating, transport, and industry. However, displacing the role currently met by fossil fuels might require a price of hydrogen as low as 1 $/kg, whereas renewable hydrogen produced using electrolysis is currently 10 $/kg. This article explores how mass manufacturing of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers can reduce the capital cost and, thus, make the production of renewable power to hydrogen gas (PtG) more economically viable. A bottom up direct manufacturing model was developed to determine how economies of scale can reduce the capital cost of electrolysis. The results demonstrated that (assuming an annual production rate of 5000 units of 200 kW PEM electrolysis systems) the capital cost of a PEM electrolysis system can reduce from 1990 $/kW to 590 $/kW based on current technology and then on to 431 $/kW and 300 $/kW based on the an installed capacity scale-up of ten- and one-hundred-fold, respectively. A life-cycle costing analysis was then completed to determine the importance of the capital cost of an electrolysis system to the price of hydrogen. It was observed that, based on current technology, mass manufacturing has a large impact on the price of hydrogen, reducing it from 6.40 $/kg (at 10 units units per year) to 4.16 $/kg (at 5000 units per year). Further analysis was undertaken to determine the cost at different installed capacities and found that the cost could reduce further to 2.63 $/kg and 1.37 $/kg, based on technology scale-up by ten- and one hundred-fold, respectively. Based on the 2030 (and beyond) baseline assumptions, it is expected that hydrogen production from PEM electrolysis could be used as an industrial process feed stock, provide power and heat to buildings and as a fuel for heavy good vehicles (HGVs). In the cases of retrofitted gas networks for residential or industrial heating solutions, or for long distance transport, it represents a more economically attractive and mass-scale compatible solution when compared to electrified heating or transport solutions.