Cultural heritage and civil engineering
Cultural heritage and civil engineering
复制标题
文化遗产与土木工程
DOI：
10.1088/1742-2140/9/4/e01
复制
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Dumoulin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Masini;F. Soldovieri;M. A. Buergo;J. Dumoulin
本期《地球物理与工程杂志》特刊提供了各种方法和技术的全景图，旨在描述和分析文化遗产和民用基础设施的保护和健康状况。特别是，它不仅提供了有效性的重要概述，而且还提供了单一诊断技术的局限性，这些局限性可以通过不同方法和技术的集成和/或使用强大和新颖的数据处理技术来克服。诊断策略的选择取决于材料（混凝土、砌体）、物体或遗址的空间特征、要调查的物体的价值（文化或非文化）、调查的目的（知识、保护、修复）和要解决的问题（监测、腐烂评估等）。Fornaro等人的论文报道了基于卫星平台的差分干涉合成孔径雷达（SAR）在民用基础设施慢变形监测领域的重要技术进步。本文展示了上一代x波段SAR传感器（如TerraSAR-X）与新型层析成像方法的联合利用如何使拉斯维加斯单轨铁路等真实结构的先进多维成像成为可能。在同样的基于sar的应用中，Tapete等人测试了持续散射干涉测量（PSI）技术在罗马中心罗马广场、Palatino山和Oppio山的考古遗迹和埋藏结构的变形威胁预防性诊断中的能力。基于SqueeSAR算法的PSInSAR处理方法已被证明不仅非常适合检索考古遗迹的位移信息，而且还非常适合检索部分或完全被掩埋的结构的临界影响证据，例如在尼禄的黄金之家发现的那些。Lasaponara等人通过整合被动和主动遥感数据，在意大利拉齐奥北部的伊特鲁里亚遗址上发现了过去人类活动的痕迹。特别是，使用不同的传感器（激光雷达的激光、红外和近红外相机、多光谱卫星数据）可以获得不同类型的地表覆盖、考古标记（微浮雕、作物标记等）以及与过去人类活动相关的预期空间/光谱特征模式（城市墓地、古河流等）。Deroin等人展示了一个地质考古项目的结果，该项目研究了10世纪至18世纪玻利维亚南部安第斯高原的矿产资源和金属生产。实地调查和多源遥感方法，从20世纪60年代拍摄的解密卫星图像到Lansdsat TM，从ALOS-AVNIR-2到非常高分辨率的Geo-Eye数据，已经可以绘制地质特征和考古遗迹。Stabile等人的论文关注的是对“非常规”技术的非常有趣和独特的开发，例如使用地面干涉雷达和高频红外相机作为非遥感工具，以获取有关真实结构的动力行为的信息，例如苏黎世的Sihlhochstrasse桥（瑞士最大的桥梁之一）。通过对监测结果的交叉验证，验证了这些技术的可行性，结果吻合较好。Minardo等人提出了一种非常有前途的技术，该技术基于一种新型光纤传感器，用于长距离应变和温度的分布式监测。特别是，该传感器特别适合土木工程和文化遗产监测，正如一个非常有趣的现场应用所示，该应用评估了意大利南部Potenza的Basento桥的应变变形，这是20世纪由Musmeci设计的建筑杰作。Grutzner等人将考古学和地质考古学与遥感相结合，包括配备高分辨率测距相机的无人机收集的航空图像，以及地球物理工具（探地雷达，SQUID磁强计，地电），以全面了解蒙古中部鄂尔孔山谷考古遗迹的时间，考古意义和环境历史。Leucci等人评价了基于衰减的GPR属性分析方法在提供含水率间接信息方面的实际应用，而含水率是导致历史遗迹腐烂的主要因素之一。所得结果证实了土壤水力特性与雷达图中的振幅之间存在关系。Catapano等人的论文描述了联合使用探地雷达和基于微波层析成像的先进数据处理作为解决文化遗产和土木工程领域实际问题的有效性。特别是，在庞贝城半人马座的一次重要调查中，综合策略的使用被证明非常有助于推动挖掘工作。另一个成功的案例是监测受直接冲击影响的混凝土梁的内部，这是ISTIMES项目中Montagnole实验的一部分。Montagnole实验关注的是各种电磁传感技术的开发和性能，这些技术用于非侵入性监测单尺度结构（如混凝土梁）受控制的直接撞击造成的损伤。任何材料的表面特性都需要修改以适应新的条件。正如Vazquez-Calvo等人所表明的，表面粗糙度的测量是对石材清洗方法适用性的可靠检验；这是一种非破坏性的技术，便携且易于使用，可以帮助我们-连同其他技术，如偏光光学显微镜，扫描电子显微镜和颜色分析-评估任何石材清洁方法的有效性和适当性或侵略性。当考古学家试图推断（史前）历史上的迁移模式和贸易往来时，追溯原材料的提取来源是至关重要的一步。因此，有必要对这种材料进行表征。为此，Veldeman等人利用光学偏光、光学冷阴极发光和扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散x射线光谱和后向散射电子成像技术，分析了比利时（前）历史上使用的高硅质岩石。
This special issue of Journal of Geophysics and Engineering offers a diverse panorama of approaches and technologies that aim to characterize and analyse the state of conservation and health of cultural heritage and civil infrastructure. In particular, it provides a significant overview not only of the effectiveness but also of the limitations of single diagnostic techniques, which can be overcome through the integration of different methods and technologies and/or the use of robust and novel data processing techniques. The choice of diagnostic strategy depends on the material (concrete, masonry), the spatial characteristics of the objects or sites, the value of the objects to be investigated (cultural or not), the aim of the investigation (knowledge, conservation, restoration) and the issues to be addressed (monitoring, decay assessment, etc). The paper by Fornaro et al reports an important technological advance in the field of slow deformation monitoring of civil infrastructure by means of differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) from satellite platforms. The paper shows how the joint exploitation of the last generation of X-band SAR sensors, such as TerraSAR-X, and novel tomographic approaches makes possible advanced multi-dimensional imaging of real structures such as the Las Vegas Monorail. Within the same SAR-based applications, Tapete et al tested the capability of persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) techniques in the preventative diagnosis of deformation threatening the structural stability of archaeological monuments and buried structures in the Roman Forum, Palatino Hill and Oppio Hill in the centre of Rome. A PSInSAR processing approach, based on the use of the SqueeSAR algorithm, has been shown to be highly suitable for retrieving not only information about displacements of the archaeological remains, but also evidence of criticalities affecting partially or totally buried structures, such as those discovered at Nero's Golden House. Lasaponara et al, by means of integrating passive and active remotely sensed data, detect traces of past human activity on an Etruscan site in Northern Lazio, Italy. In particular, the use of different sensors (laser of LIDAR, infrared and near-infrared cameras, multispectral satellite data) allows for different types of surface cover, archaeological marks (micro-relief, crop marks, etc) and expected spatial/spectral feature patterns related to past human activities (urban necropoleis, palaeorivers, etc). Deroin et al present the results of a geoarchaeological project dealing with the study of mineral resources and metal production in the Andean plateau of southern Bolivia from the 10th to the 18th century. A field survey and a multisource remote sensing approach, from declassified satellite images taken in the 1960s to Lansdsat TM, and from ALOS-AVNIR-2 to very high resolution Geo-Eye data, has allowed the mapping of geological features and archaeological remains. The paper by Stabile et al is concerned with the very interesting and unique exploitation of 'non-conventional' techniques, such as the use of ground-based interferometric radar and high-frequency infrared cameras as non-remote-sensing tools, to obtain information about the dynamical behavior of real structures like the Sihlhochstrasse Bridge in Zurich (one of the largest bridges in Switzerland). The feasibility of these techniques is also testified by cross validation of monitoring results, which are in a good agreement. Minardo et al present a very promising technique based on a novel optic fiber sensor for the distributed monitoring of strain and temperature over long ranges. In particular, the sensor is particularly suitable for civil engineering and cultural heritage monitoring, as shown by a very interesting field application assessing the strain deformation of the Basento Bridge in Potenza, southern Italy, an architectural masterpiece of the 20th century designed by Musmeci. Grutzner et al combine archaeology and geoarchaeology with remote sensing, including aerial images collected by a drone equipped with a high-resolution range-finder camera, and geophysical tools (ground penetrating radar, SQUID magnetometry, geoelectric) to obtain a comprehensive picture of the timing, archaeological meaning and environmental history of archaeological remains in the Orkhon Valley in Central Mongolia. Leucci et al evaluate the practical application of attenuation-based GPR attribute analysis methods in providing indirect information on moisture content, which is one of the main factors contributing to the decay of historical monuments. The results obtained confirm the presence of a relationship between soil hydraulic properties and amplitudes in the radargram. The papers by Catapano et al describe the effectiveness of the joint use of ground penetrating radar and advanced data processing based on microwave tomography as a solution to real problems in the field of cultural heritage and civil engineering. In particular, the use of an integrated strategy proved very helpful in driving excavations at an important survey at the Domus Centauro in Pompeii. The other successful case was concerned with the monitoring of the inside of a concrete beam affected by direct impacts, part of the Montagnole experiment within the ISTIMES project. The Montagnole experiment is concerned with the exploitation and performance of a large variety of electromagnetic sensing techniques for the non-invasive monitoring of the damage to a one-scale structure, such as a concrete beam, from controlled direct impacts. The surface properties of any material need to be modified to adapt to new conditions. As Vazquez-Calvo et al show, the measurement of surface roughness is a reliable test of the suitability of stone cleaning methods; this is a non-destructive technique, portable and easy to use, that can help us—together with other techniques such as polarizing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and colour analysis—to assess the efficacy and the appropriateness or aggressiveness of any stone cleaning method. Tracking raw material back to its extraction source is a crucial step for archaeologists when trying to infer migration patterns and trade contacts in (pre-)history. The characterization of such material is therefore necessary. With this aim, Veldeman et al have analysed the hypersiliceous rocks of Belgium used in (pre-)history by using optical polarizing, optical cold cathode-luminescence and scanning-electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry and back-scatter electron imaging.