Overview on the management of radioactive waste from fusion facilities: ITER, demonstration machines and power plants
Overview on the management of radioactive waste from fusion facilities: ITER, demonstration machines and power plants
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DOI：
10.1088/1741-4326/ac62f7
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发表时间：
2022-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Torcy, David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Vicente, Sehila M. Gonzalez;Smith, Nicholas A.;Torcy, David
在缺乏核聚变工厂的官方标准和指南的情况下，聚变设计者尽可能采用裂变核电站（NPP）的既定标准。由于结构、系统和组件、材料、安全缓解系统、风险等方面的差异，这通常意味着解释和/或推断。这种方法可能会导致考虑过度保守的措施，从而导致成本和复杂性增加，而改进有限或可以忽略不计。一个重要的话题是聚变发电厂中放射性废物的产生。聚变废物与裂变核电站废物有显着不同，即聚变废物的数量要大得多。然而，它主要包括低放废物（LLW）和中放废物（ILW）。值得注意的是，废物中不含许多长寿命同位素，主要是氚和其他活化同位素，但不含超铀元素。使用还原活化材料的聚变的一个重要好处是总体上较低的衰变热去除和快速的放射性衰变。主要的熔变废料主要由结构材料组成，例如不同类型的钢，包括低活化铁素体马氏体钢，例如EUROFER97和F82H、AISI 316L、贝氏体和JK2LB。相关的长寿命放射性同位素来自合金元素，如铌、钼、镍、碳、氮、铜和铝，也来自不受控制的杂质（相同元素，但也包括钾和钴）。辐照后，这些同位素可能无法在低放废物处置库中进行处置。聚变发电应该能够避免产生高放废物，而聚变ILW和LLW的体积将是巨大的，无论是在纯体积还是每单位发电量方面。因此，回收和清除工作对于支持聚变部署、回收资源（通过减少矿石开采）和最大限度地减少子孙后代的放射性废物负担至关重要。
In the absence of official standards and guidelines for nuclear fusion plants, fusion designers adopted, as far as possible, well-established standards for fission-based nuclear power plants (NPPs). This often implies interpretation and/or extrapolation, due to differences in structures, systems and components, materials, safety mitigation systems, risks, etc. This approach could result in the consideration of overconservative measures that might lead to an increase in cost and complexity with limited or negligible improvements. One important topic is the generation of radioactive waste in fusion power plants. Fusion waste is significantly different to fission NPP waste, i.e. the quantity of fusion waste is much larger. However, it mostly comprises low-level waste (LLW) and intermediate level waste (ILW). Notably, the waste does not contain many long-lived isotopes, mainly tritium and other activation isotopes but no-transuranic elements. An important benefit of fusion employing reduced-activation materials is the lower decay heat removal and rapid radioactivity decay overall. The dominant fusion wastes are primarily composed of structural materials, such as different types of steel, including reduced activation ferritic martensitic steels, such as EUROFER97 and F82H, AISI 316L, bainitic, and JK2LB. The relevant long-lived radioisotopes come from alloying elements, such as niobium, molybdenum, nickel, carbon, nitrogen, copper and aluminum and also from uncontrolled impurities (of the same elements, but also, e.g. of potassium and cobalt). After irradiation, these isotopes might preclude disposal in LLW repositories. Fusion power should be able to avoid creating high-level waste, while the volume of fusion ILW and LLW will be significant, both in terms of pure volume and volume per unit of electricity produced. Thus, efforts to recycle and clear are essential to support fusion deployment, reclaim resources (through less ore mining) and minimize the radwaste burden for future generations.