The demographic and life-history costs of fear: Trait-mediated effects of threat of predation on Aedes triseriatus.
The demographic and life-history costs of fear: Trait-mediated effects of threat of predation on Aedes triseriatus.
复制标题
恐惧的人口和生活史成本：捕食威胁对三列伊蚊的特质介导的影响。
DOI：
10.1002/ece3.5003
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Juliano,StevenA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ower,GeoffreyD;Juliano,StevenA
捕食者通过直接致死性（密度介导效应）改变猎物种群，但在许多类群中，捕食的间接非致命威胁可能几乎是同样强烈的效应，改变表型可塑性特征，如猎物形态、行为和生活史（性状介导效应）。反捕食者防御是有成本的，而猎物对捕食线索的反应强度可能取决于感知的风险水平和食物供应。这项研究的目的是检验这样一个假设，即影响幼虫的非致命性状介导的相互作用的成本可能会产生影响，改变生活史特征、成虫特征，并最终改变种群动态。通过操纵营养水平（低或高）和捕食化学线索（存在或不存在）的二级因子设计进行评估。捕食的非致命化学线索显着降低了雌性的存活率并显着减小了雌性的体型。当营养供应较高时，当暴露于捕食线索时，雌性成年的时间明显更早。当在低营养处理中长大并暴露于捕食者线索时，成年雌性的死亡风险是高营养-无捕食者线索的 2.1 倍。在高营养和捕食者线索治疗中长大的雌性比其他组合中的雌性更早吸食血液。对捕食的恐惧可以极大地改变猎物的生活史特征和行为，从而对种群、群落和生态系统产生巨大的影响。暴露于捕食者线索显着降低了估计的群体增长率，可能会改变下一代的预期种群密度。
Predators alter prey populations via direct lethality (density‐mediated effects), but in many taxa, the indirect nonlethal threat of predation may be almost as strong an effect, altering phenotypically plastic traits such as prey morphology, behavior, and life history (trait‐mediated effects). There are costs to antipredator defenses and the strength of prey responses to cues of predation likely depends on both the perceived level of risk and food availability.The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the costs of nonlethal trait‐mediated interactions impacting larvae can have carryover effects that alter life‐history traits, adult characteristics, and ultimately population dynamics.The effects ofToxorhynchites rutiluskairomones and chemical alarm cues onAedes triseriatuswere assessed in a two‐level factorial design manipulating nutrient level (low or high) and chemical cues of predation (present or absent).Nonlethal chemical cues of predation significantly decreased female survivorship and significantly decreased female size. Females emerged as adults significantly earlier when exposed to predation cues when there was high nutrient availability. When raised in the low nutrient treatment and exposed to predator cues, adult females had 2.1 times the hazard of death compared to high nutrient‐no predator cues. Females raised in the high nutrient and predator cue treatment blood fed sooner than did females from other combinations.Fear of predation can substantially alter prey life‐history traits and behavior, which can cascade into dramatic population, community, and ecosystem effects. Exposure to predator cues significantly decreased the estimated cohort rate of increase, potentially altering the expected population density of the next generation.