HIGHER NERVOUS FUNCTIONS - ORIENTING REFLEX
HIGHER NERVOUS FUNCTIONS - ORIENTING REFLEX
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev.ph.25.030163.002553
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发表时间：
1963-01-01
影响因子：
18.2
通讯作者：
SOKOLOV, EN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
SOKOLOV, EN
定向反射是一个复杂的功能系统，包括不同脑区的整合活动。它的显著特点是，它产生于对新奇的反应。它取决于刺激的神经模型的阐述以及模型和新刺激之间的不匹配。神经元模型的精细化在于神经系统对刺激痕迹的固定。定向反射的起源显然在于外推脉冲和到达共同传出神经元的传入信号的不匹配。EEG的改变、皮层稳定电位的变化和功能状态的增加代表了响应于重复刺激的任何变化而产生的定向反射的组成部分。这种反射的一个特殊组成部分是局部皮质内激活，这是由于在网状结构激活不存在的情况下，有意义的特定感觉信息刺激皮质而引起的。为了解释局部皮层激活的出现和消失，提供了一个假设，涉及传入，外推和比较神经元与胶质细胞的相互作用。对记忆痕迹的分子机制进行了讨论。在神经元水平的定向反射将无反应的神经元转化为有反应的神经元，产生单位反应的促进和增强，并增加临界闪烁融合频率。对这种反射的分析表明，它有助于在分析器的所有级别上传输信息。145篇参考文献。
The orienting reflex as a complex functional system includes the integrative activities of different brain areas. Its distinguishing characteristic is that it arises in response to novelty. It depends upon elaboration of a nervous model of stimulus and the mismatch between the model and a new stimulus. The elaboration of the neuron model consists in fixation by the nervous system of stimulus traces. The origin of the orienting reflex apparently lies in a mismatch of extrapolatory impulses and afferent signals reaching common efferent neurons. The modifications of the EEG, the shift in steady potential of the cortex, and the increase in functional state represent components of the orienting reflex arising in response to any change of a repetitive stimulus. A special component of this reflex is a local intracortical activation, arising as a result of cortical stimulation by meaningful specific sensory information in the absence of reticular formation activation. To explain both the appearance and the extinction of local cortical activation, a hypothesis involving interaction of afferent, extrapolatory, and comparator neurons with glial cells is offered. The molecular mechanism of the memory trace is discussed. The orienting reflex at the neuronal level converts nonresponsive into responsive neurons, produces facilitation and enhancement of unit responses, and increases critical flicker fusion frequency. Analysis of this reflex indicates that it facilitates the transmission of information at all levels of the analyzers. 145 references.