Ultras in Egypt : state , revolution , and the power of public space
Ultras in Egypt : state , revolution , and the power of public space
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埃及的极端分子：国家、革命和公共空间的力量
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Connor Jerzak
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作者：
Connor Jerzak
在这篇文章中，我探讨了有组织的球迷-超-和埃及国家之间的关系。我认为，极端团体成为政治化，因为他们在公共空间寻求自治，但面临来自埃及安全部队的阻力。为了证明这一点，我追溯了“奥特拉”组织的历史。我展示了极端主义者在2007年成立后的头几年里是如何发表相对较少的政治声明的。然而，这些团体对警察的骚扰越来越政治化。这种骚扰的动机是，极端分子颠覆了国家对公共空间的控制。2011年的阿拉伯之春事件进一步政治化了极端主义者，并使他们有机会使专制国家在公共空间的整个存在失去合法性，从而将他们转变为革命行动者。然而，极端组织的更大公众知名度是有代价的，它部分地分裂了极端组织，并使国家军队渴望报复，这在塞德港大屠杀中得以实现。尽管面临这些挑战，极端组织继续在公共空间寻求自治，抗议后穆巴拉克时代的独裁倾向。最后，我解释了极端主义者如何不仅在埃及反抗威权主义，而且还反抗关于埃及社会的主流叙事。
In this article, I explore the relationship between organized soccer fans— Ultras—and the Egyptian state. I argue that Ultra groups became politicized as they sought autonomy in public space, but faced resistance from Egyptian security forces. To make this argument, I trace the history of Ultra groups. I show how Ultras made relatively few political statements in the first years after their 2007 inception. However, these groups become increasingly politicized in reaction to police harassment. This harassment was motivated by the fact that Ultras subverted state control over public spaces. The events of the 2011 Arab Spring further politicized the Ultras and transformed them into revolutionary actors by giving them the opportunity to delegitimize the authoritarian state’s entire presence in public space. However, the greater public visibility of Ultras came at a cost, partially fracturing Ultra groups and giving state forces a desire for retaliation that was realized in the Port Said massacre. Despite these challenges, Ultra groups have continued to seek autonomy in public spaces, protesting authoritarian tendencies in the postMubarak era. I conclude with an afterward, explaining how Ultras not only defy authoritarianism in Egypt, but also dominant narratives about Egyptian society.