Managing mobility in African rangelands: the legitimization of transhumance.
Managing mobility in African rangelands: the legitimization of transhumance.
复制标题
管理非洲牧场的流动性：游牧的合法化。
DOI：
10.3362/9781780442761
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
M. Niamir
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Niamir
近年来，在非洲和国际研究人员和发展实践者所做工作的基础上，对畜牧业发展的复杂性有了更清楚的认识。他们驳斥了通常归因于畜牧业的因果关系概念，如土地管理不善和退化。它们还表明，广泛的畜牧生产被低估了，不仅是在经济贡献方面，而且在环境效益方面。目前的模式，也被称为“流动模式”，支持这样的概念，即广泛的，移动的畜牧生产可以是可持续的和环境友好的，如果社会，经济和政治限制其充分发展被解除。本章的目的是从流动性带来的好处的角度简要回顾目前的模式，说明流动性下降时会发生什么，简要分析发展援助对牧民流动性的影响，最后就如何有效支持牧民流动性提出建议。本章的重点是干旱地区，在那里，作物生产是一种边缘性的，通常在生态上是不适当的活动。然而，这些概念和建议可适用于半干旱土地，以改善作物和牲畜系统一体化的快速增长趋势。在某些情况下--例如，在西撒哈拉--当耕地的百分比增加到超过一定的阈值时，牲畜变得更加移动的，而不是更加久坐不动。这是因为村庄周围缺乏足够的牧场，需要避免对作物的损害，以及缺乏获得工业或其他补充的机会（Pierre Hiernaux，在个人通信中）。“牧民”一词被定义为一种生产模式，其中牲畜占小农经济组合的50%或更多（Sandford 1983）。本章侧重于移动的或季节性迁移的牧民。“季节性迁移”一词是指牲畜在明确界定的牧场地区之间定期的季节性迁移（旱季到雨季，或低地到高地）。它可以涵盖范围广泛的畜牧生产系统，从北方纳米比亚人和纳米比亚人使用的完全季节性游牧系统，到东非尼罗河部落、高阿特拉斯山脉的柏柏尔人以及摩洛哥和埃塞俄比亚的牧民使用的系统。季节性转移放牧也适用于定居人口，他们将牲畜送到很短的距离外的牧场，例如在津巴布韦。所有这些系统都有几个共同点：
In recent years, a clearer understanding of the complexities of pastoral development has been arising on the basis of work done by African and international researchers and development practitioners. They are refuting the causality of notions normally attributed to pastoralism, such as land mismanagement and degradation. They are also showing how extensive pastoral production has been underestimated, not only in terms of its economic contribution, but also in terms of its environmental benefits. The current paradigm, also called the “mobility paradigm,” supports the notion that extensive, mobile pastoral production can be both sustainable and environmentally friendly, if the social, economic, and political constraints to its full development are lifted. The objectives of this chapter are to review briefly the current paradigm in terms of the benefits it attributes to mobility, to show what happens when mobility declines, to provide a brief diagnosis of what impact development assistance has had on pastoral mobility, and finally, to provide recommendations on how pastoral mobility can be effectively supported. The focus of this chapter is on arid lands, where crop production is a marginal, and usually ecologically inappropriate, activity. However, the concepts and recommendations can be applied to semi-arid lands to improve the already fast-growing trend of integration of crop and livestock systems. In some cases— for example, in western Niger—as the percentage of cropped land increases beyond a certain threshold, livestock become more mobile, rather than more sedentary. This is because of the lack of sufficient pasture around villages, the need to avoid damage to crops, and inadequate access to industrial or other supplementation (Pierre Hiernaux, in a personal communication). The term “pastoralist” is defined as a mode of production where livestock make up 50 percent or more of the economic portfolio of a smallholder (Sandford 1983). This chapter focuses on mobile or transhumant pastoralists. The term “transhumance” refers to regular seasonal movements of livestock between well-defined pasture areas (dry to wet season, or low to highland). It can cover a wide range of pastoral production systems, ranging from fully transhumant systems, such as among the northern Mauritanians and Namibians, to systems such as used by the Nilotic tribes of east Africa, the Berber of the High Atlas, and herders in Morocco and Ethiopia. Transhumance also applies to settled populations who send their livestock short distances to pasture, such as in Zimbabwe. All these systems have several elements in common: