Deep sea nature-based solutions to climate change
Deep sea nature-based solutions to climate change
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DOI：
10.3389/fclim.2023.1169665
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发表时间：
2023-07
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Nathalie Hilmi;M. Sutherland;S. Farahmand;G. Haraldsson;Erik van Doorn;Ekkehard Ernst;M. Wisz;Astrid Claudel Rusin;Laura G. Elsler;L. Levin
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文献类型：
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作者：
Nathalie Hilmi;M. Sutherland;S. Farahmand;G. Haraldsson;Erik van Doorn;Ekkehard Ernst;M. Wisz;Astrid Claudel Rusin;Laura G. Elsler;L. Levin
深海（深度低于200米）是地球上最大的碳汇。它拥有丰富的生物多样性，支撑着碳循环，并提供供应，支持，调节和文化生态系统服务。科学、商业和政治部门日益关注气候调节海洋生态系统服务。在本文中，我们综合了深海独特的生物物理、社会经济和治理特征，以批判性地评估深海蓝碳减缓气候变化的机会。深海蓝碳由碳通量和碳储存组成，包括通过无机和有机碳泵从大气转移到深海的碳、封存在深海生物骨架和身体中的碳、埋藏在沉积物中或捕获在碳酸盐岩中的碳。然而，通过深海蓝碳强化减缓气候变化面临着缺乏科学知识和核查、技术限制、潜在环境影响、缺乏合作与协作以及治理欠发达等问题。这些问题加在一起表明，深海气候变化减缓是有限的。因此，我们认为，对蓝碳的强烈关注过于局限于管理深海的框架，无法为国际目标做出贡献，包括可持续发展目标（SDG），巴黎协定和2020年后生物多样性目标。相反，深海可以被视为一个更全面的基于自然的解决方案，包括许多生态系统服务和生物多样性以及气候。环境影响评估、划区管理、减少污染、暂停生产、碳核算和渔业管理是国际条约中的工具，可以帮助实现深海、基于自然的解决方案的惠益。
The deep sea (below 200 m depth) is the largest carbon sink on Earth. It hosts abundant biodiversity that underpins the carbon cycle and provides provisioning, supporting, regulating and cultural ecosystem services. There is growing attention to climate-regulating ocean ecosystem services from the scientific, business and political sectors. In this essay we synthesize the unique biophysical, socioeconomic and governance characteristics of the deep sea to critically assess opportunities for deep-sea blue carbon to mitigate climate change. Deep-sea blue carbon consists of carbon fluxes and storage including carbon transferred from the atmosphere by the inorganic and organic carbon pumps to deep water, carbon sequestered in the skeletons and bodies of deep-sea organisms, carbon buried within sediments or captured in carbonate rock. However, mitigating climate change through deep-sea blue carbon enhancement suffers from lack of scientific knowledge and verification, technological limitations, potential environmental impacts, a lack of cooperation and collaboration, and underdeveloped governance. Together, these issues suggest that deep-sea climate change mitigation is limited. Thus, we suggest that a strong focus on blue carbon is too limited a framework for managing the deep sea to contribute to international goals, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Agreement and the post-2020 Biodiversity Goals. Instead, the deep sea can be viewed as a more holistic nature-based solution, including many ecosystem services and biodiversity in addition to climate. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs), area-based management, pollution reduction, moratoria, carbon accounting and fisheries management are tools in international treaties that could help realize benefits from deep-sea, nature-based solutions.