Displays Facilitating Sociability in Waxbills of the Genera Estrilda and Lagonosticta (Fam. Estrildidae)
Displays Facilitating Sociability in Waxbills of the Genera Estrilda and Lagonosticta (Fam. Estrildidae)
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表现出促进梅花雀属和蜡嘴雀属（梅花雀科）蜡嘴鸟的社交能力
DOI：
10.1163/156853967x00136
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发表时间：
1967
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
P. Kunkel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Kunkel
本工作涉及的显示，以促进社会性的两个蜡嘴属Estrilda和Lagonosticta。在后者中，有两个物种与Estrilda的物种进行了比较，因为它们具有更原始的特征。Estrilda，13个物种中的9个在欧洲的鸟类饲养场观察了几年。在刚果东部停留两年，有机会在野外和鸟舍条件下研究其中五种和另一种以及两种Lagonosticta。两种Lagonosticta的鸟类和Estrilda属Estrilda亚属和Melpoda亚属的五种鸟类展示了不完全习惯的同种，包括弱仪式化的运动意图运动，扭转尾巴和插入的喙擦拭。这种“屈膝礼”伴随着接触音符，只有在Lagonosticta和提到的Estrilda物种的双音节中才有，而这些双音节给出了低阶段的歌曲，可能有助于性别识别。行屈膝礼也是配偶之间的问候，但总是没有歌曲的低阶段。Estrilda的其他四个亚属-- Glaucestrilda、Brunhilda、Krimhilda和Neisna --已经从屈膝礼中发展出了强烈的仪式化和明显的展示，无论是有或没有喙擦拭的运动意图运动成为“点头”，还是单独的喙擦拭成为“鞠躬”。在克里姆希尔达，点头又变得非常罕见，大多数时候又被屈膝礼所取代。Glaucestrilda和Neisna在奇怪的同类面前的显示期间给完整的歌曲，然后保持沉默或给联系电话。行屈膝礼、点头和鞠躬的功能是克服由一个不完全习惯的同种引起的争斗和性倾向之间的冲突，并表示准备好了社会关系。它们在Estrilda属中仪式化程度越高，这个物种的社会性就越低，也就是说，由奇怪的同种物种引起的冲突就越强烈。Lagonosticta行屈膝礼的仪式性很弱，这可能是由于这些鸟的两性异形很强，这可能已经促进了不同性别的鸟之间社会关系和性关系的建立。在Lagonosticta，交配的蜥蜴，如果遇到新的陌生蜥蜴，强奸他们。这种行为的动机除了明显的性倾向外，应该是强烈的攻击性。另一方面，雌蝇亚属（Estrilda）和黑蝇亚属（Melpoda）的交配雌蝇，只试图强奸那些不与它们交配，但它们认识的雌蝇。但强奸的企图总是在一个高度仪式化的展示之前，这里称之为“蓬松的歌声”，主要由求爱展示的元素组成。它会警告女巫，让她有时间逃跑。通过这种方式，蓬松的歌声可以避免羊群中的强奸犯所造成的伤害，并使羊群能够保持在一起，尽管强奸犯有强奸的意图。在Estrilda的其他四个亚属中，不存在与强奸和绒毛歌唱相比较的东西。这两种类型的显示被证明是有价值的分类特征Estrilda，并给出了该属的种的关系图。最后，这两种类型的显示器进行了比较，与类似的其他雌雀。
The present work deals with displays which serve to facilitate sociability in the two waxbill genera Estrilda and Lagonosticta. Of the latter, two species are discussed in comparison with the species of Estrilda because of their more primitive characters. Of Estrilda, nine of the thirteen species were observed in aviaries in Europe over a period of several years. A two years stay in the Eastern Congo has given opportunity to study five of these and one other species as well as the two species of Lagonosticta under field and aviary conditions. Birds of the two Lagonosticta and of the five species of the subgenera Estrilda and Melpoda of the genus Estrilda give a display to conspecifics not fully accustomed to, which consists of weakly ritualised locomotory intention movements, twisting of the tail, and interposed bill wiping. This 'curtseying' is accompanied by contact notes only in Lagonosticta and the ♀♀ of the species of Estrilda mentioned while the ♂ ♂ of these give low stages of song which may serve for sex recognition. Curtseying is also given as greeting between mates, but always without the low stages of song. The four other subgenera of Estrilda - Glaucestrilda, Brunhilda, Krimhilda, and Neisna - have developed strongly ritualised and conspicuous displays from curtseying, either the locomotory intention movements with or without the bill wipes into 'nodding', or the bill wipes alone into 'bowing'. In Krimhilda nodding has become again very rare and is mostly replaced by curtseying again. ♂♂ of Glaucestrilda and Neisna give full song during the display in front of strange conspecifics, ♀♀ are silent then or give contact calls. Curtseying, nodding, and bowing function to overcome the conflict between agonistic and sexual tendencies aroused by a conspecific not fully accustomed to, and to signal the readiness for social relations. They are the more ritualised in the genus Estrilda, the less social the species is, i.e. the stronger the conflict, aroused by strange conspecifics, is. The weak ritualisation of the curtseying of Lagonosticta may be due to the strong sexual dimorphism of these birds which probably facilitates already itself the inition of social and sexual relations between birds of different sex. In Lagonosticta, mated ♂ ♂, if confronted with new strange ♀♀ , rape them. The motivation of this behaviour is supposed to be strongly aggressive besides the obvious sexual tendencies. Mated ♂♂ of the subgenera Estrilda and Melpoda, on the other hand, try to rape only the ♀♀ of their flock which are not mated to them, but known to them personally. But the attempt to rape is always preceded by a highly ritualised display called here 'fluffed singing' which is predominantly composed of elements of the courtship display. It warns the ♀ for the intentions of the displaying ♂ and gives her time to flee. By this, fluffed singing serves to avoid the damage that would be done by the raping ♂♂ within a flock, and enables the flock to keep together in spite of the rape intentions of the ♂ ♂. In the other four subgenera of Estrilda, nothing comparable to rape and fluffed singing exists. Both types of display are shown to be valuable taxonomic characters in Estrilda, and a diagram of the relationship of the species of this genus is given. Finally, the two types of displays are compared with similar ones of other estrildid finches.