Effects of short-term exposure to naturally occurring thymol concentrations on transmission of a bumble bee parasite
Effects of short-term exposure to naturally occurring thymol concentrations on transmission of a bumble bee parasite
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短期暴露于天然存在的百里酚浓度对熊蜂寄生虫传播的影响
DOI：
10.1111/een.12631
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Rothchild K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rothchild K
1.植物产生抗菌植物化学物质，可以减少动物体内寄生虫的生长和传染性。传粉者寄生虫在以共用花朵为食的宿主之间传播。花传播直接将寄生虫暴露于花表面和花蜜中的植物化学物质，无论是在花上还是在作物中。这种接触可能直接影响寄生虫向新宿主的传播。花蜜化学分析相结合的领域和细胞培养实验，以测试的影响，花植物化学物质百里酚的锥虫肠道寄生虫CrithidiainBombus impatiens的传输潜力。首先，测定麝香草花蜜中麝香草酚的含量。第二，测试了在花蜜腺中添加百里酚对寄生虫传播到觅食蜜蜂的影响。第三，使用细胞培养物来确定短期百里酚暴露对白藜芦醇体外寄生虫生长的直接、剂量依赖性影响。在T.vulgarisnectar中总共发现了26.1 ppm的百里酚，比以前在该物种中记录的高5倍。然而，除了麝香草酚的寄生虫接种的花序的四种植物的花朵并没有影响收购crithidiainfection在觅食回合。细胞培养实验表明，减少50%（120 ppm）的生长所需的麝香草酚浓度比检测到的最高花蜜浓度高4.6倍。4.虽然麝香草酚暴露可以影响Crithidiaviability，Crithidiaare鲁棒的时间和暴露的幅度在自然条件下的花觅食过程中遇到的。这些实验表明，麝香草酚单独对Crithidia宿主感染动力学的任何影响可能反映了慢性麝香草酚摄入的间接（可能是宿主介导的）影响。
1. Plants produce antimicrobial phytochemicals that can reduce growth and infectivity of parasites in animals. Pollinator parasites are transmitted between hosts that forage on shared flowers. Floral transmission directly exposes parasites to phytochemicals on floral surfaces and in nectar, both at flowers and, post‐ingestion, in the crop. This exposure could directly affect parasite transmission to new hosts.2. Nectar chemical analyses were combined with field and cell culture experiments to test the effects of the floral phytochemical thymol on the transmission potential of the trypanosomatid gut parasiteCrithidiainBombus impatiens. First, thymol concentrations inThymus vulgarisnectar were measured. Second, the effect of adding thymol to floral nectaries on parasite transmission to foraging bees was tested. Third, cell cultures were used to determine direct, dose‐dependent effects of short‐term thymol exposure on subsequentin vitroparasite growth.3. A total of 26.1 ppm thymol was found inT. vulgarisnectar, five‐fold higher than previously documented in this species. However, addition of thymol to flowers of parasite‐inoculated inflorescences of four plant species did not affect acquisition ofCrithidiainfection during a foraging bout. Cell culture experiments showed that the thymol concentrations needed to reduce subsequentCrithidiagrowth by 50% (120 ppm) were 4.6‐fold higher than the highest detected nectar concentration.4. Although thymol exposure can influenceCrithidiaviability,Crithidiaare robust to the duration and magnitude of exposure encountered during floral foraging under natural conditions. These experiments suggest that any effects of thymol alone onCrithidia–host infection dynamics probably reflect indirect, possibly host‐mediated, effects of chronic thymol ingestion.