The Global Atmospheric Electrical Circuit and Climate
The Global Atmospheric Electrical Circuit and Climate
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DOI：
10.1007/s10712-004-5439-8
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发表时间：
2004-11
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Richard Harrison
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Richard Harrison
云、全球温度、全球大气电路和宇宙射线电离之间的物理联系的证据正在出现。全球电路从行星表面延伸到电离层的下层，贯穿整个大气层。宇宙射线是远离大陆边界层的大气离子的主要来源：形成的离子允许垂直传导电流在全球电路的晴天部分流动。通过宇宙射线的（逆）太阳调制，由此产生的柱状电离变化可能允许全球电路将太阳影响传达给低层大气的气象现象。人们提出，对非雷暴云的电效应是通过离子辅助形成超细气溶胶而发生的，超细气溶胶可以增长到能够充当云凝结核的尺寸，或者通过带电气溶胶增加的冰成核能力来发生。即使对气溶胶尺寸分布的大气电调制很小，也可以通过大气电路在全球范围内传达的变化来影响云特性并改变大气的辐射平衡。尽管地球物理学相关领域的工作历史悠久，但全球环路与全球气候之间的直接和反向关系在很大程度上仍未得到定量探索。通过回顾两个多世纪以来的大气电测量和可能的古气候代理，全球大气电电路的变化应该在许多时间尺度上进行预测。
Evidence is emerging for physical links among clouds, global temperatures, the global atmospheric electrical circuit and cosmic ray ionisation. The global circuit extends throughout the atmosphere from the planetary surface to the lower layers of the ionosphere. Cosmic rays are the principal source of atmospheric ions away from the continental boundary layer: the ions formed permit a vertical conduction current to flow in the fair weather part of the global circuit. Through the (inverse) solar modulation of cosmic rays, the resulting columnar ionisation changes may allow the global circuit to convey a solar influence to meteorological phenomena of the lower atmosphere. Electrical effects on non-thunderstorm clouds have been proposed to occur via the ion-assisted formation of ultra-fine aerosol, which can grow to sizes able to act as cloud condensation nuclei, or through the increased ice nucleation capability of charged aerosols. Even small atmospheric electrical modulations on the aerosol size distribution can affect cloud properties and modify the radiative balance of the atmosphere, through changes communicated globally by the atmospheric electrical circuit. Despite a long history of work in related areas of geophysics, the direct and inverse relationships between the global circuit and global climate remain largely quantitatively unexplored. From reviewing atmospheric electrical measurements made over two centuries and possible paleoclimate proxies, global atmospheric electrical circuit variability should be expected on many timescales.