Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing
Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
H. Czichos;Tetsuya Saito;L. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Czichos;Tetsuya Saito;L. Smith
没有与环境的相互作用，就没有材料的使用。材料与环境的相互作用与所有类型的材料有关，无论是无机材料还是有机材料。与环境的相互作用可能会对材料造成损害，但也可能导致材料性能的改善(例如，铝的氧化钝化或铜表面的铜锈形成)。与环境的相互作用也可能发生在使用材料之前，即在生产阶段。例如，在钢铁可以用于制造金属产品之前，必须提炼和加工铁矿石。环境对材料循环过程的影响(图1.15)将在本章的第15.1.1节讨论。腐蚀是一种重要的材料-环境相互作用，特别是对无机材料而言，这一点已经在第12章中讨论过。此外，对有机和无机材料的生物影响也可以是多方面的，在第14章中有所介绍。损害有机聚合物材料功能的环境机制--如风化、紫外线(UV)辐射、湿度、温度和高pH环境--是第15.1.2节的主题。材料对室内气候的影响和表征材料排放的测量方法在第15.2节中讨论。火对材料的影响非常大；材料的易燃性和着火行为的表征方法在第15.3节中讨论。
There is no usage of materials without interaction with the environment. Material–environment interactions are relevant for all types of materials, be they of inorganic or organic in origin. Interactions with the environment can cause damage to materials but also might lead to an improvement of materials properties (e.g. oxidative passivation of aluminium or patina formation on copper surfaces). Interactions with the environment might also occur prior to the usage of materials, i.e. in the production phase. For example, before steel can be used for manufacturing of metal products, iron ore has to be extracted and processed.The impact of the environment on the processes of thematerials cycle(Fig. 1.15) will be discussed in Sect. 15.1.1 of this chapter. An important material–environment interaction, especially for inorganic materials, is corrosion, which has already been addressed in Chap. 12. Also the biological impact on organic and inorganic materials can be manifold and are presented in Chap. 14. Environmental mechanisms that impair the functioning of organic polymeric materials – such as weathering, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, moisture, temperature and high-pH environments – are the topics of Sect. 15.1.2. The influence of materials on the indoor climate and measurement methods to characterize emissions from materials are treated in Sect. 15.2. Fire exhibits a drastic impact on materials; methods to characterize the flammability and fire behavior of materials are discussed in Sect. 15.3.