Medical Knowledge and the Patronage System in 18th Century England
Medical Knowledge and the Patronage System in 18th Century England
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18世纪英国的医学知识与赞助制度
DOI：
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发表时间：
1974
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
N. Jewson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Jewson
18世纪英国的医学知识的特点是发展了许多经常相互矛盾的理论体系，这些理论体系建立在对身体过程的共同潜在类比的基础上。这一隐喻的基础来自于古典医学的古代体液模型，但由于引入了当代机械哲学中的概念而有所削弱。医学理论可以被视为医生--18世纪职业的精英--与他们的贵族病人之间的一种社会互动形式。疾病的现象学概念化、病理学的思考性和系统性、疾病的心身解释和英雄疗法的摇摆使用，都可以归因于上层患者在会诊关系中的先行优势。此外，现代的职业制度限制了医生既要确立他们作为上层阶级成员的资历，又要通过个人展示来宣传他们的服务。时尚提供了一种调和这些需求的社会行为形式，但也产生了丰富的医学理论。此外，病人和医生之间以及医生之间的关系结构，也妨碍了致力于分析医学问题的科学界的出现。
Medical knowledge in eighteenth century England was characterized by the growth of numerous often contradictory theoretical systems, founded upon a common underlying analogy of bodily processes. This foundation of metaphor was derived from the ancient humoural model of classical medicine, attenuated by the introduction of concepts imported from contemporary mechanical philosophy. Medical theory may be viewed as a form of social interaction between physicians—the elite of the eighteenth century profession—and their aristocratic patients. The phenomenological conceptualization of disease, the speculative and systematic character of pathology, the psychosomatic interpretation of illness and the swingeing use of heroic therapies may be ascribed to the pre-dominance of the upper class patient in the consultative relationship. Furthermore the contemporary career system constrained physicians both to establish their credentials as members of the upper class and to advertise their services by individual display. Fashion provided a form of social behaviour which reconciled these demands, but also generated a profusion of medical theories. In addition the structure of relationships between patients and practitioners, and among medical men themselves, prohibited the emergence of a scientific community dedicated to the analysis of medical problems.