Strategies in landmark use by children, adults, and marmoset monkeys
Strategies in landmark use by children, adults, and marmoset monkeys
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DOI：
10.1016/j.lmot.2004.03.002
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发表时间：
2004-11-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Cheng, K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MacDonald, SE;Spetch, ML;Cheng, K
普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus jacchus）、人类儿童和成人学会了在四个相同地标组成的正方形阵列的中心找到一个目标。在不同的实验中，地标阵列的位置和对应的目标是不同的，因此不使用地标阵列是无法解决任务的。在实验1中，我们给出了一个离散目标位置矩阵，在训练过程中，这些地标围绕着正确的目标位置并与之相邻。训练结束后，进行扩展测试，增加地标之间的距离。狨猴、儿童（5-9岁）和成年人在训练中都很容易学会使用地标来准确搜索。在扩展试验中，成人均匀地在阵列的中心搜索。猴子和孩子们把搜索集中在地标附近，而不是中心。猴子，而不是孩子，更经常地在路标的方向合适的一侧搜索，而不是在路标的其他一侧。在实验2中，对3-5岁儿童进行连续搜索空间训练，目标距离地标较远，无法使用信标策略规则。有几个孩子没有完成训练任务。在那些学会寻找目标的学生中，有三人在扩展测试中在中间搜索，但大多数人在靠近地标的地方搜索。成年人普遍使用的“中间规则”策略似乎并不适用于儿童或非人类灵长类动物。(C) 2004爱思唯尔公司版权所有。
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus), human children, and human adults learned to find a goal that was located in the center of a square array of four identical landmarks. The location of the landmark array and corresponding goal varied across trials, so the task could not be solved without using the landmark array. In Experiment 1, a matrix of discrete goal locations was presented and the landmarks surrounded and were adjacent to the correct location during training. After training, an expansion test was given in which the distance between landmarks was increased. Marmosets, children (ages 5-9), and adults all readily learned to use the landmarks to search accurately during training. On the expansion test, adults uniformly searched in the center of the array. Monkeys and children concentrated their searching near the landmarks rather than in the center. The monkeys, but not the children, searched more often on the directionally appropriate side of the landmarks than on other sides of the landmarks. In Experiment 2, children (ages 3-5) were trained with a continuous search space and with the goal farther from the landmarks so that a beaconing strategy rule could not be used. Several of the children failed to acquire the training task. Of those who learned to find the goal, three searched in the middle on expansion tests but most searched nearer to the landmarks. The "middle rule" strategy that is uniformly used by adult humans does not appear to be a preferred strategy for children or non-human primates. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.