Pre-Columbian cultivation of vegetatively propagated and fruit tree tropical crops in the Atacama Desert
Pre-Columbian cultivation of vegetatively propagated and fruit tree tropical crops in the Atacama Desert
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2022.993630
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发表时间：
2022-09-29
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Santoro, Calogero M. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Capriles, Jose M.;Garcia, Magdalena;Santoro, Calogero M. M.
南美洲是一个生物多样性巨大的大陆，见证了从看似截然不同的生态系统中驯化、迁移和种植各种植物物种的过程。它是进出中美洲和波利尼西亚的作物（分别是玉米和可可）的接收国和供应国，主要的主食作物甘薯出口到波利尼西亚。然而，并不是每一种栽培植物（包括驯化的和野生的）的跨生态扩张都导致了成功的农业。在这里，我们回顾了跨区域的流通和引进的五种粮食热带作物起源于东部安第斯山脉的热带和潮湿的山谷，achira，木薯，ahipa，甘薯，和pacay的超干旱的沿海山谷的阿塔卡马沙漠的北方智利，在那里他们已经被发现在早期的考古遗址。通过对它们沉积背景的评估，并得到直接放射性碳测年、稳定同位素分析和淀粉粒分析的支持，我们评估了不同的假设，以解释它们对智利北方超干旱土壤的引入和适应，这些假设是由社会群体提出的，在引入cultigens之后，它们仍然强烈依赖海洋狩猎，采集和捕鱼的生活方式基于各种各样的海洋海岸资源。许多被研究的植物是一系列引进的商品、技术设备和程序的一部分，与食物、治疗药物、社会和仪式目的有关，这些目的改变了以前的狩猎采集社会、经济和意识形态制度。根据考古资料，我们讨论了一些可能的社会生态过程中涉及的农业景观的发展，包括采用热带作物起源几百公里外的阿塔卡马沙漠在晚全新世。
South America is a megadiverse continent that witnessed the domestication, translocation and cultivation of various plant species from seemingly contrasting ecosystems. It was the recipient and supplier of crops brought to and from Mesoamerica (such as maize and cacao, respectively), and Polynesia to where the key staple crop sweet potato was exported. Not every instance of the trans-ecological expansion of cultivated plants (both domesticated and wild), however, resulted in successful farming. Here, we review the transregional circulation and introduction of five food tropical crops originated in the tropical and humid valleys of the eastern Andes-achira, cassava, ahipa, sweet potato, and pacay-to the hyper-arid coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, where they have been found in early archeological sites. By means of an evaluation of the contexts of their deposition and supported by direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes analyses, and starch grain analysis, we evaluate different hypotheses for explaining their introduction and adaptation to the hyper-arid soils of northern Chile, by societal groups that after the introduction of cultigens still retained a strong dependence on marine hunting, gathering and fishing ways of life based on wide variety of marine coast resources. Many of the studied plants were part of a broader package of introduced goods and technological devices and procedures, linked to food, therapeutic medicine, social and ritual purposes that transformed previous hunter-gatherer social, economic, and ideological institutions. Based on archeological data, we discuss some of the possible socio-ecological processes involved in the development of agricultural landscapes including the adoption of tropical crops originated several hundred kilometers away from the Atacama Desert during the Late Holocene.