River chloride trends in snow-affected urban watersheds: increasing concentrations outpace urban growth rate and are common among all seasons
River chloride trends in snow-affected urban watersheds: increasing concentrations outpace urban growth rate and are common among all seasons
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.012
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发表时间：
2015-03-01
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Hirsch, Robert M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Corsi, Steven R.;De Cicco, Laura A.;Hirsch, Robert M.
这项研究包括的美国北部的氯离子浓度随着时间的推移大幅增加，平均浓度从1990年到2011年几乎翻了一番，超过了美国北部的城市化速度。对19条河流的30个监测点的历史数据进行了检查，这些监测点有18到49年的氯离子浓度和流量记录。大多数研究河流的氯离子浓度在所有季节都有所增加(所有季节19条中有13条；冬季19条中有16条)；最大浓度出现在冬季。非除冰期浓度的增加表明，氯在冬季储存在水文水库中，如浅层地下水系统，并在全年以基流形式缓慢释放。由于降雨和融雪引起的高流量期间的稀释，随着流量的减少，氯离子浓度增加，也观察到了对流量的依赖性。氯化物对水生生物的影响随着时间的推移而增加；在2006年至2011年期间，29%的研究地点超过了美国环保局慢性水质标准230毫克/L的浓度，平均每年超过100天。这些溪流中氯浓度的快速增加可能是由于道路盐施用量的增加、基线浓度的增加以及美国中西部在研究后期的更大降雪共同作用的结果。爱思唯尔出版公司(Elsevier B.V.)
Chloride concentrations in northern U.S. included in this study have increased substantially over time with average concentrations approximately doubling from 1990 to 2011, outpacing the rate of urbanization in the northern U.S. Historical data were examined for 30 monitoring sites on 19 streams that had chloride concentration and flow records of 18 to 49 years. Chloride concentrations in most studied streams increased in all seasons (13 of 19 in all seasons; 16 of 19 during winter); maximum concentrations occurred during winter. Increasing concentrations during non-deicing periods suggest that chloride was stored in hydrologic reservoirs, such as the shallow groundwater system, during the winter and slowly released in baseflow throughout the year. Streamflow dependency was also observed with chloride concentrations increasing as streamflow decreased, a result of dilution during rainfall- and snowmelt-induced high-flow periods. The influence of chloride on aquatic life increased with time; 29% of sites studied exceeded the concentration for the USEPA chronic water quality criteria of 230 mg/L by an average of more than 100 individual days per year during 2006-2011. The rapid rate of chloride concentration increase in these streams is likely due to a combination of possible increased road salt application rates, increased baseline concentrations, and greater snowfall in the Midwestern U.S. during the latter portion of the study period. Published by Elsevier B.V.