Privatizing Responsibility for Old Age Security.
Privatizing Responsibility for Old Age Security.
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将老年保障的责任私有化。
DOI：
10.1093/ppar/prad033
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发表时间：
2024
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Aguila,Emma
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Angel,JacquelineL;Angel,RonaldJ;Aguila,Emma
对社会保障偿付能力的预测描绘了一幅可怕的画面，到2033年，社会保障信托基金（Social Security Trust Fund）将耗尽。如果没有额外的资金注入，退休人员的福利将不得不减少23%（Folley, 2023）。当然，社会保障从来就不是一个人退休收入的唯一来源，实际上，平均支付是相当有限的。如果不采取立法行动，对许多受助人来说，削减补贴的后果可能是极其严重的。支持老年经济安全的其他重要支柱是私人退休计划、个人储蓄或继承财富、房屋净值和财产性收入。今天，一个主要问题与这些支持支柱是否足够有关。显然，一个人受雇的时间越长，收入来源越多，退休后的生活就越好。然而，许多美国人几乎没有为退休储蓄，在某些情况下根本没有，许多人在退休后没有私人养老金或其他收入来源。此外，受教育程度较低的人的就业机会随着年龄的增长而缩小。自动化和年龄歧视导致对老年低技能工人的劳动力需求降低。因此，经历失业的老年低技能工人不太可能再就业（美国国家科学院，2022年）。这些人特别依赖社会保障。大多数公共部门工人参加私人养老金计划，但只有51%的私营部门工人参加雇主赞助的私人养老金计划（Cushing-Daniels & Johnson, 2008）。从事低薪工作的工人不太可能获得雇主资助的私人养老金。与非西班牙裔白人相比，黑人和西班牙裔工人的雇主私人养老金覆盖率最低（分别为55.7%和38.4%）。这些工人更有可能受雇于小公司，从事兼职工作，或从事包括建筑、农业、渔业、林业和服务业在内的职业，其中雇主不太可能提供私人养老金（Butrica & Johnson, 2010）。在所有社会保障受益人群体中，37%的男性和42%的女性依靠它获得50%或更多的收入。12%的男性和15%的女性收入的90%以上来自社会保障
Projections of the solvency of Social Security paint a dire picture, with the Social Security Trust Fund reaching empty by 2033. Without additional infusion of funds, retiree benefits will have to decrease by 23%(Folley, 2023). Social Security, of course, was never intended to be one’s sole source of retirement income, and in reality, average payments are quite modest. Without legislative action, the consequences of cuts in payments could be drastic for many recipients. Other important pillars supporting economic security in old age are private retirement plans, personal savings or inherited wealth, home equity, and property income. Today, a major question has to do with the adequacy of those pillars of support. Clearly, the longer one can stay employed and the more sources of income one has the better off one will be in retirement. Yet many Americans have little, and in some cases nothing, saved for retirement, and many have no private pension or other sources of income in retirement. Moreover, employment opportunities for those with less education are narrower at older ages. Automation and age discrimination contribute to a lower labor demand for older low-skilled workers. As a consequence, older low-skilled workers who experience job loss are less likely to be reemployed (National Academies o f Sciences, 2022).These individuals are particularly dependent on Social Security. Most public sector workers participate in private pension plans, but only 51% of private sector workers participate in employer-sponsored private pension plans (Cushing-Daniels & Johnson, 2008). Workers in low-salaried jobs are less likely to have access to employer-sponsored private pensions. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, Black and Hispanic workers have the lowest coverage of employer private pensions (55.7% and 38.4%). These workers are more likely to be employed in small firms, work part-time, or work in occupations including construction, farming, fishing, forestry, and services, in which employers are less likely to provide private pensions (Butrica & Johnson, 2010). Among all groups of Social Security beneficiaries, 37% of men and 42% of women count on it for 50% or more of their income. Twelve percent of men and 15% of women receive 90% or more of their income from Social Security (Social Securit y